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MAY 1972
CRANBERRIE&^v
THE NATIONAL CRANBfERRY MAGAZINE
t'.'37 ^
PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY
JUN 2 9 1972
Banning DDT is a Big Mistake 7
Mass. Farm Bureau 15
Woman's Page vv-.t-v. ^^'^^--j^^^-^-^^t^;^::^^.- 1^
LIBRARY - SERIALS SECTJ UNIV OF MASS AMHERST MASS 01003
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Cranberries Advertising Pays Big Dividends
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In industry as well as the home, electricity has been a vital key to progress. It is now and will continue to be in the future, readily available wherever and whenever it is needed.
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OCEAN SPRAY NAMES NEW OFFICERS
At a recent meeting of the Board of Directors of Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., George C. P. Olsson was elected Chairman of the Board. At the same meeting Harold Thorkilsen was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer. Prior to this appointment, Mr. Thorkilsen had held the position of Executive Vice President and General Manager of the cooperative.
Over two million barrels of cranberries were handled in 1971 by Ocean "le country's largest producer and processor of cranberry products.
George C. P. Olsson
Harold ThorkUsen
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GROWERS MEETING HELD RECENTLY IN OREGON
The highlight of the growers meeting held in Bandon was a report on vine nutrition and on the 1968- 70 leaf analysis program. Dr. Lloyd Martin, who was in charge of this program at the time, summarized leaf analysis data with a series of slide charts. These charts graphed levels of the various important plant nutrient elements found in the leaves during the summer sampling period of the three years included in the study. The slide charts showed levels of nutrient found in leaves on a certain date and by comparing these levels at two-week intervals from June through September, one could get an idea of how amounts of an element increase or decrease through the important bud set and berry development period.
During Dr. Martin's talk, several important items came to light. One is that there appears to be a signifi- cant influence of calcium levels within the vines on yields. In other words, the bogs with the higher leaf calcium levels had better crops, at least within the range of calcium levels found. Another element that significantly influenced yields in the leaf survey data was iron. There seems to be a point above which increasing levels of iron in the vines will decrease yields. Considerable amounts of other data on additional nutrient elements did not appear to be significant as far as yields go. This information would, however, certainly be a good point to start in looking at other nutritional fac- tors which might prove significant with more testing.
In summary, the meeting brought out one fact that I think cranberry growers are sooner or later going to have to face. This is that leaf analysis will tell us much more about bog fertilizer needs than soil tests ever will. It is obvious from the data Dr. Martin presented that soil levels of plant nutrients often do not relate to levels found within the vines. There is no doubt that continued refinement of bog soil tests will be of some help. But to Continued on Page 6
1
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Cranberrv
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S Field Notes
by IRVING E. OEMORAIMVILLE extension cranberry specialist
Personals
Dr. Chester Cross and his wife Shirley are traveling in the little country of Nepal. They are visiting their oldest son Peter and his wife who are working for the U.S. Gov- ernment. The Crosses left on April 29 and will return on June 7.
Frost Warning Service
The Frost Warning Service spon- sored by the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association has about 207 subscribers to date. This is fewer than usual and we urge anyone who has not signed up to do so. The donations to the answering service have been coming in nicely, which is encouraging. The answering serv- ice is extremely valuable as an addi- tional source of information and deserves widespread grower support. There were no frost warnings issued through May 8 although there were some cool temperatures the last week of April. The spring season has been very cold and wet and we are behind last year by a few days, which makes this a very backward season indeed.
Weather
April was cold, averaging about 4-1/3 degrees a day below normal. This was the second coldest April in our records, surpassed only by April, 1967. Maximum tempera- ture was 6T on the 30th and mini- mum was 25° on both the 7th and 11th. Cooler than average days oc- curred from the 3rd-9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 20th, 23rd and 26-27th. The only warmer than average days were the 18th and 29-30th.
Precipitation totalled an even 5. inches which is nearly 3/4 inch
above normal. There was measurable precipitation on 13 days with the largest amount of 1.14 inches on the 20th. We now are about 2 inches above normal for the year and about 3-2/3 inches ahead of 1971 for the same period.
Water supplies are excellent as we enter the frost season. Winterkill injury is very light, more of a wind burn type of injury. Oxygen defi- ciency injury is more prevalent than was thought earlier in the season and is perhaps a bigger factor in determining our crop than for sev- eral years. The bud is very good again but the vines look a little tired; however, the crop prospect looks better than average at this time. Early Blacks have "greened up" but Howes still have their dormant col- oration, this is behind the normal
schedule by about 10 days to 2 weeks.
Tips for Late Spring and Early Summer
1) The early spring pests are, or soon will be, showing up on bogs. These include cutworms, span- worms, leafhoppers, fireworms,- tip- worms, sparganothis fruitworm, red mites and weevils. The sparganothis fruitworm can be detected by care- ful examination of loosestrife or the new cranberry tips for webbing. Weevils overwinter as adults and are active whenever temperatures reach 70° or above. If these pests are controlled in May or June, par- ticularly those that have a new or second brood, they very seldom create a problem later in the season.
2) This is a good time to treat Continued on Page 6
R. F. MORSE & SON, Inc.
Serving Agriculture
Helicopter Application Division
CHEMAPCO, INC.
Cranberry Highway
West Wareham, Mass.
295-1553
>—)—»—)— 1— )—)—)— ^— )—>—)—>—)—>—■>—)=>??)— ^—>—^—)—)=)!!?>=)=^=)=;)=)
Have You Missed These Articles ?
Cranberries Magazine's Reader's Service makes available copies of the articles listed below which have appeared in past issues. Order the articles you want to update your library. Please send cash or check with each article requested. ORDER BY NUMBER.
TECHNICAL
864 — Casoron and Weed Control in Cranberries
265 —Evaluation of Newer Fungicides in Massachusetts 265a —Application of Granular Herbicides
365 —Fertilizer Requirements of Cranberries 465 —Encouraging the Bumble Bee in Washington
565 —Research and Problems in Weed Control in Wisconsin
865 —New Cranberry Varieties for Processing
1165 —Observations on the Symptoms and Control of
Cranberry Red-Gall Disease
166 —Cranberry Pollination
266 —Casoron Retention in Cranberry Soils
666 -Progress Report of Trace Elements Studies on Cranberries
766 —Objective Measures to Determine Cranberry Yields
866 -Cranberry Speckling Can be Controlled
167 —Telephone Frost Warning Device
167a —Cranberry Ring Spot Disease Injuring Searles Variety
367 —Cranberry Vine Injury
467 -Control of Red-Gall in Cranberries
567 —Miscellaneous Thoughts on Cranberry Insects
1167 -Cranberry Pollination
1267 —Frost Forecasting in Bandon, Oregon
168 —Die Back of Cranberry in Wisconsin 268 —Control of Fairy Rung Disease
368 -Cranberry Varieties in Nova Scotia 368a —Wisconsin Cranberry Research Report
468 —Nitrogen Fertilization and Cranberries 868 —Sprinkler Frost Protection
469 —Chemical Color Enhancement of Cranberry Fruit 569 —Increasing Yields by Controlling Weeds in Nova Scotia
GENERAL
536 —Volume 1-Number 1, Cranberries Magazine (Reprint)
964 -Annual Meeting of CCCGA, 1964 1264 -Washington Experiment Station
965 -Annual Meeting of CCCGA, 1965
1065 -Our Changing Values in Cranberry Culture
366 -New Jersey Annual Winter Meeting, 1966
966 -Annual Meeting of CCCGA, 1966
1066 -Early History of Massachusetts State Cranberry Bog
1166 —New Jersey Research Center at Oswego 1266 -Whitesbog, New Jersey
567 -Life on a Cranberry Bog Around 1900
767 —Daniel James Crowely, Sprinkler Pioneer
867 -Cranberry Growing in Washington
568 -New Direction in Harvesting Techniques 668 -New Variety in Nova Scotia
768 -Massachusetts Experiment Station Demonstration 768a -History of Cranberry Industry in New Jersey 868a -ACGA New Jersey Meeting, 1968
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CRANBERRIES
THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE - Our 34th Year of Publication -
publisher
I. STANLEY COBB
B
Issue of May 1972 / Volume 36 - No. 13
SO WHAT'S WRONG WITH AGRICULTURE
A study of 79 agricultural workers (employees) was undertaken in 13 New York State counties in 1971 by researchers at Cornell University. Here's what they found:
— Average age of 37 years with 72 percent of the workers under 45 years of age.
— Average schooling of 10 years . . . and 65 per- cent had less than 12 years of school attendance.
— Average assets per worker was nearly $8,000, and average net worth was nearly $5,600.
— A whopping 63 percent hoped to be working on the same property in 1976 . . . only 27 percent aspired to own their own.
— The most-mentioned advantage of agriculture recognized by these employees was the opportunity to work outdoors, followed by variety of work.
— Biggest gripes: not enough time off percent didn't have any gripes at all!
but 42
— Among selected items of interest to career agri- cultural workers, vacation with pay ranked highest among these workers.
Office: R-55 Summer Street, Kingston, Massachusetts 02364, Post Office Box J. Telephone (617) 585-3604 Ail correspondence and advertising should be sent to Box J, Kingston.
advisors - correspondents
Nova Scotia
I. V. HALL
Botanist, Research Station Kentville, Nova Scotia
Massachusetts
DR. CHESTER E. CROSS
Director, Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
IRVING DeMORANVILLE
Extension Cranberry Specialist Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
New Jersey PHILIP E. MARUCCI
Research Professor in Entomology
Extension Specialist in Cranberries and Blueberries
Official Cooperative Weather Bureau Observer
Oregon
DAVID KEIR
County Extension Agent Coquille, Oregon
Washington AZMI Y. SHAWA
Assistant Horticulturist and
Extension Agent in Horticulture
Long Beach, Washington
Wisconsin VERNON GOLDSWORTHY
Eagle River, Wisconsin
CRANBERRIES is published once a month by Pilgrim Publishers at R-55 Summer Street (P.O. Box J) Kingston, Massachusetts. Second Class postage paid at Plymouth, Massachusetts Post Office.
Price is bOi per copy, $5.00 a year in U.S., $6.00 in Canada; all other countries $8.00 a year. Foreign remittances must equal U.S. funds.
Copyright 1972 by Pilgrim Publishers
MASS. STATION NOTES
Continued from Page 3
brush, poison ivy and brambles on the uplands using silvex. It should be mixed with water rather than oil at this time of year because of the damage to turf.
3) Stoddard solvent or stoddard- kerosene treatments following late water should be completed within 5 days after the flood has been withdrawn or within 8 days if kero- sene is used alone. Less damage will occur to the vines if temperatures are below 65° when these oils are applied.
4) Casoron, alanap-3, Chloro-IPC, simazine and morcran should not be apphed after withdrawal of the late water flood as vine and crop injury will result.
5) Many bogs will benefit from an apphcation of fertilizer, especially where heavy crops were harvested. Some bogs that have had casoron treatments either last fall or this spring may look "hungry" and should be fertilized. Don't forget to touch up the thin or weak spots by going around with a bucket of fertilizer and using it.
6) Get out and walk your bogs, you will be surprised at the number of httle things, both good and bad, that you will notice on your inspec- tion trips.
OREGON MEETING
Continued from Page 1 ignore the eventual development of leaf testing for cranberries is a mistake that only industry support for continued testing can avoid.
CRANBERRY JUICE ADS WILL CORRECT CLAIMS
The Federal Trade Commission has won agreement from the makers of Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail to correct in future ad- vertising the allegedly false nutri- tional claims of past ads.
The consent order, provisionally accepted by the FTC, marked the agency's second triumph in its cam- paign to force "corrective ads" so that consumers won't keep believing allegedly false claims. In the past, the FTC only ordered that the false ad be stopped.
The Ocean Spray agreement re- quires that, for a year, one of every four ads or one-fourth of all ad- vertising spending be devoted to this message:
"If you've wondered what some of our earlier advertising meant when we said Ocean Spray Cran- berry Juice Cocktail has more food energy than orange juice or tomato juice, let us make it clear: We didn't mean vitamins and minerals. Food energy means calories. Noth- ing more.
"Food energy is important at
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breakfast since many of us may not get enough calories, or food energy, to get off to a good start. Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail helps because it contains more food energy than most other breakfast drinks.
"And Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail gives you and your family vitamin C plus a great wake- up taste. It's the other breakfast drink."
The first corrective ads were run for Profile Bread and acknowl- edged that contrary to previous inferences. Profile was not good for weight reduction and was a bit lower in calories than other breads only because its slices were thinner.
The FTC is seeking similar cor- rective ads in cases alleging deceptive nutritional claims for Wonder Bread, Hostess Snacks Cakes, Hi-C bever- age and sugar; deceptive octane claims for Sunoco gasoline; decep- tive antipollution claims for Chevron gasoline ; deceptive antiseptic claims for Lysol disinfectant ; and deceptive health claims for Listerine mouth- wash and for analgesics including Bayer Aspirin, Excedrin, Bufferin and Anacin.
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BoMiMq
h A Big Mutokfi
By ROBERT M. DEVLIN
Today more than at any time in our history, we are concerned about the proper maintenance of the environment and health of man. However, the news media have dramatized and popularized this concern to such an extent that rational thought has been replaced by the emotional rantings of the ill informed. Conclusions drawn from hastily run experiments in which questionable procedures have been employed are readily accepted as long as they support the doc- trine of some current popular move- ment. Indeed, if the movement is popular enough, just the mere un- supported speculations of well- known personaUties are carefully listened to and, in many cases, acted upon. It is this type of irrational behavior that, in my opinion, has led to the banning of the use of DDT in many parts of the United States.
The movement against pesticides in general and DDT in particular got its start in Rachel Carson's novel Silent Spring. In Silent Spring there are so many unsupported statements made, so many half truths told, and so much important material completely ignored that the book could almost be classified as science fiction. Certainly her prediction of the coming of a "Silent Spring," or anything re- motely similar, was meant more to scare the uninformed than to draw the serious attention of thinking individuals. This book, despite its
numerous shortcomings, has become the bible of the environmentahsts who, apparently, don't really care if the material they read is factual or not as long as it supports their point of view. What is even worse. Silent Spring is required reading in many of our high schools and the children are told that what they read in it is the "gospel" truth by well-meaning but woefully unin- formed teachers.
Since the advent of Silent Spring many statements have been made and published by environmentahsts that are not supported by fact. For example, environmentalists say robins and other song birds and birds of prey, such as the eagle, brown pelican. Peregrin falcon, Cah- fornia condor and osprey, are ex- periencing population declines because of the use of DDT. This is just not true. In fact, there is good evidence that song birds are on the increase— this despite the disappear- ance of natural habitats as a result of land development. Bird counts by the Audubon Society for 1941 and 1960, before and after the widespread use of DDT, show 131, 39, 31, 11, and 12 fold increases in grackles, blackbirds, cowbirds, star- lings, and robins, respectively. Per- haps one of the reasons for this increase is the killing by DDT of mosquitoes which are vectors for many serious diseases of birds such as malaria, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and encephalitis. The unfair- ness of blaming DDT for the alleged
population declines of many birds of prey is strikingly revealed when one looks further than the news- paper, radio, television, and publi- cations of special interest groups such as the National Audubon Society, Sierra Club and Environ- mental Defense Fund. We read, for example, that the existence of the California brown pelican is threat- ened by DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. Dr. J. Gordon Ed- wards, professor of entomology at San Jose State College, looked into this claim and what he found exposed it as a bald-faced lie.
It appears that the population of pelicans on Anacapa Island ex- perienced a dramatic decline in 1970 due, according to the environ- mentalists, to the presence of DDT. Dr. Edwards found that during the years 1969 and 1970 the pelicans on Anacapa were subjected to an ahnost continuous harassment by scientists. Helicopters containing research biologists hovered over the nesting areas creating so much noise and commotion that the laying of thin-shelled eggs and nest desertion became quite common. In addition, scientists continually roamed and poked among the nests frightening off the brooding females or shooting them on the nests for analysis. Fortunately there were some people who recognized that such thought- less behavior, rather than DDT, may have been the reason for the laying of thin-shelled eggs and the lack of reproduction among the Anacapa
7
>elicans in 1970. In 1971 the National Park Service closed Ana- ;apa Island to helicopters and re- used to allow anyone near the lesting areas during the brooding leason. The result was a striking ecovery of the pelican population, nuch to the chagrin of the anti-DDT ictivists.
It is also interesting to note that ;he nesting failure of the brown jelicans followed by only a short jeriod of time the great oil spill in ;he Santa Barbara Channel near \nacapa Island. The anti-DDT prop- igandists do not even mention the Dil spill as a possible cause of lesting failure. This is a substantial amission when you consider that the oil spilled in the area contained 21 ppm mercury, an element shown to be associated with steriUty, toxicity to embryos, and thin egg- shells. Also not mentioned is the Fact that analyses following the oil spill showed that the bones of pelicans and the anchovies upon ivhich they feed contained high amounts of lead-as high as 100 ppm in the bone tissue and 17 ppm in the anchovies. In experiments with quail it has been shown that 6 ppm lead will cause the thinning of eggshells!
A myth of even greater magni- tude than that exposed at Anacapa is that DDT is responsible for the drastic declines in number of bald eagles and osprey. Again it is the alleged adverse influence of DDT on the thickness of eggshells that is to blame. Let us look at some of the things environmentalists neglect to mention concerning this problem. For 35 years (1917-1925) the state of Alaska paid hunters a bounty of 50 cents for each eagle they killed. This amounted to a slaughter of well over 100,000 eagles. Just re- cently it was uncovered that ranchers in Wyoming and Colorado were actively involved in the sport of eagle killing. However, in their case things were made a bit easier.
Eagles were killed in flight from helicopters flown close to the bird so that an enthusiastic sportsman could Uterally blow it to pieces with 8
Dr. Robert M. Devlin is Associate Professor of Plant Physiology, Uni- versity of Massachusetts - Cranberry Experiment Station, East Wareham, Mass. He is author and co-author of over 40 professional papers on the physiology of pesticides. Well over 200 colleges and universities are using his textbook titled Plant Physiology. It is also being used in several coun- tries in Europe, Africa, Canada, and to a small degree in Asia. The book has been translated into Spanish for use in Spanish-speaking countries.
a 12 gauge, three-inch Magnum shotgun! It has been estimated that 600 to 700 eagles were killed in this manner in 1970. It is also interesting to note that the number of bald eagles migrating over the Hawk Mountain area more than doubled during the first six years of heavy DDT use in eastern United States (1946-1952). The counts were taken by the Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association, Kempton, Pennsylvania. If there is a decline in eagle population, and this has not yet been proven, then the encroachments of man upon the eagle's natural habitat is to blame, not DDT.
Perhaps the greatest clamor con- cerning DDT and the disappearance of the Peregrine falcon, osprey, and eagle has to do with the effect of the pesticide on the thickness of eggshells. The environmentalists claim with only the barest of cir- cumstantial evidence— in many cases no evidence at ail-that DDT causes the production of thin-shelled eggs and as a consequence there is a drop in reproductive success. This
allegation has been so faithfuUy communicated by the news media that almost every man, woman, and child in the United States is aware of it. However, there is no con- clusive evidence that DDT causes the thinning of eggshells in the natural environment. Only in labora- tory studies, where doses are fed that far exceed what is encountered in the environment, can the thinning of eggshells by DDT by demon- strated. Even in these studies the results are far from consistent and definitely open to question. To make the problem even more com- plex there are a number of studies that suggest very strongly that DDT does not cause the production of thin-shelled eggs or a drop in the reproductive success of birds. For example. Dr. Charms, professor of poultry science at the University of Wisconsin, reported that egg- laying ability and thickness of egg- shells remained unaffected for pheasants, quail, and turkey fed
200 ppm DDT for several months. Even more significant, the quail were fed on this diet through four generations without any ill effects. In a recent (1970) paper, Tucker and Haegele of the Denver WildUfe Research Center found that quail and mallards fed a diet of 10 and 30 ppm DDT laid eggs with normal shell thickness. Only when the birds were administered exceptionally massive doses of DDT (1000 mg/kg) could a significant thinning of egg- shells be demonstrated. It would be impossible to dupUcate these cir- cumstances, including the less mas- sive doses of DDT, in the natural environment.
You will find that in most cases the emotionalist, in his frantic quest to implicate DDT, will not mention or even consider other possible reasons for birds laying thin-sheUed eggs. However, as every poultry farmer knows, thin eggshells can be caused in numerous ways. The lack of calcium, manganese, or vitamin D in the diet or the presence of two common maladies, bronchitis and Newcastle disease, all will cause irregularities in eggshell formation.
A comparison of the influence of the presence of organochlorine residues— including DDT— in the tis- sues and eggs of peregrine falcons from Britain and northern Canada by Drs. Enderson and Berger suggests that these pesticides do not interfere with the reproduction of peregrines. They found that although the pere- grines of northern Canada contained high levels of organochlorine resi- dues in their tissues and their eggs twice as much as the eggs from the rapidly disappearing British pere- grine population, the Canadian peregrines reproduced normally. A paper by Heath et al. in the prestigi- ous British science journal Nature actually contains data that describes DDT-fed mallard ducks as having a better productivity than normally fed ducks. Productivity of mallard ducks fed a daily diet of 2.5 ppm DDT was increased 40% and those fed 10 ppm DDT had an increased productivity of 81%. Finally, en- vironmentalists claim that DDT inhibits carbonic anhydrase, an important enzyme in the production of eggshells by birds. This supposed inhibitory influence is the founda- tion upon which most stories of DDT causing the thinning of egg- shells are built. However, D. J. Gordon Edwards, in a statement before the U. S. House Committee on Agriculture, pointed out that "actual research has shown DDT increases carbonic anhydrase pro- duction rather than inhibiting it."
One of the world's leading ex- perts on the Peregrine, Frank L. Beebe, published a small booklet in 1970 titled The Myth of the Vanish- ing Peregrine. His book was sub- titled A Study in the Technique of the Manipulation of Public and Official A ttitudes. In his book Beebe pointed out that the abandonment of the aeries by peregrines in most of western U. S. and southern Alberta and British Columbia pre- ceded by many years the use of DDT and that the anti-DDT en- vironmentalists "know full well that their 'endangered peregrine' is a fabrication."
Why do we not hear of these studies from the environmentalists?
The convenient ignoring of reputable studies that do not support the hard line against DDT appear to be more the rule than the exception when extremist groups attack this pesticide. For some reason they believe their role to be sacred and that any method to achieve it is acceptable no matter how odious it may be. It is the hope of this author and I think of any other person who believes that data should be reported in an unbiased manner and not misused or selected to fit some preconceived notion, that the truth will someday be told about DDT. If this does happen, public trust in "doomsday" extremist groups will dramatically decline as will also the numerous sourcca oi grant money such scare-type organi- zations seem always to attract.
One would get the impression from our news media trumpeting the propaganda of the anti-DDT extremists, that once DDT is applied it persists in the environment for- ever. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, the assertion that DDT is extremely persistent in the environment can be so easily disproven that it is amazing that anyone would believe it at all. At a hearing concerning federal pesticide legislation. Dr. J. Gordon Edwards submitted a list of more than one hundred scientific references dealing with the breakdown of DDT and its residues. At the hearing Dr. Edwards stated: "It is obvious that DDT degrades readily in the presence of living things, in organic soil and water, in alkaline soil and water, in the blood or digestive tract of most kinds of animals, in cold, in heat, and in sunlight. It is untruthful and misleading for any person or organization to imply that DDT does not break down normally under environmental conditions."
Bacteria of the soil and digestive tract, fungi, and animals— both in- vertebrates and vertebrates— are all capable of degrading DDT. Even in dying, an insect may degrade as much as 50% of the DDT it has absorbed. The common deer mouse takes only A^A days to rid itself of 50% of the DDT it absorbs and the
half life of DDT in the tissues of the common pigeon is only 28 days. Indeed, Dr. Donald A. Spencer, well-known wildlife biologist, hasji stated that he knows "of no species of fish, bird, or mammel, on which studies have been conducted, that cannot degrade and eliminate DDT from their bodies."
The public has not been told that many of the analyses made for the detection of DDT prior to 1967 were grossly inaccurate. Before 1967, residue chemists made no attempt to eliminate polychlori- nated biphenyls (PCB) from the extracts they analyzed for DDT. Large quantities of PCB's are used in the rubber, plastics, and petro- leum industries. Their presence in the environment is ahnost ubiqui- tious, being found among other places in the tissues of birds and their eggs, in man, fish, and in insects. The PCB's are compounds that are not water soluble and consequently are stored in the fat tissue of organisms that ingest them. It is now well known that PCB's produce an ahnost identical picture to DDT when analyzed on a gas chromatograph, the instrument most used for the detection of small quantities of pesticides such as DDT. This means that prior to 1967 many of the reports on the quantity of DDT present in samples were exaggerated due to the presence of PCB's. It is also interesting to note that some of the more prevalent PCB's, when present in the diet of birds will cause them to lay thin shelled eggs— and in this respect they are highly active.
The forces against the use of DDT have multiplied to such an extent that in the very near future the compound could possibly be completely banned in most places in the world— especially the United States. The vast majority of the people against DDT have been told only what extremist groups want them to hear, a circumstance that makes an intelligent decision on DDT by the layman virtually im- possible. It is a wonder to me that this has occurred to a compound that is probably the safest chemical
9
for its purpose ever produced by men. Dr. Robert White-Stevens of the Bureau of Conservation and Environmental Science at Rutgers University has stated that "no evi- dence of injury, cancer, or death after twenty-five years of use, where at least one billion humans have been reported with medical anno- tation." A truly remarkable record when compared to penicillin (and other so-called miracle drugs), as- pirin, and the vitamins many of us take every day.
Despite the almost unbelievable safety record of DDT, extremist groups first hinted, then suggested, and finaUy frankly Ued that DDT was endangering the public health. The pesticide was called a carcino- gen (causes cancer). The explosive and dramatic effect on the public of the disclosure that a commonly used compound causes cancer was predictable. Our news media were enchanted, and for a long time hardly a day went by without the newspapers, television, or magazines dutifully instructing the layman on how he was being threatened with the deadly disease of cancer.
A thorough reading of the litera- ture on the influence of DDT as an inducer of cancer will lead one to conclude that the pesticide is not a carcinogen. Massive doses of DDT fed to laboratory animals that are highly susceptable to carcinogens, in the vast majority of cases pro- duced negative results with respect to dancer. In those few studies where possible cancerous growth was induced, the results and con- clusions are questionable. It should also be remembered that in such studies animals are fed DDT in amounts far exceeding what would be encountered or ingested by the average individual.
The human organism contains compounds that are necessary for its existence but if present in too high a concentration are toxic and can even cause death. For example, iodine is necessary for the proper function of the thyroid gland but if present in excessive concentration is definitely poisonous. It is there- fore essential, when evaluating the JO
safety of a chemical, that we consider its dose-response relationship with regard to the particular species in question. Man, it appears, is quite tolerant of DDT. In a study by Dr. Wayland J. Hayes of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, ten volunteers were fed DDT up to 200 times the amount they would nor- mally encounter from their everyday intake of food. After a year of this daily diet of DDT no clinical effect associated with dosage was detected either by the men themselves, or by careful physical examination and laboratory testing. Just recently. Dr. Hayes declared to the Washing- ton State Legislature his repeated position of the past that "there is no valid evidence that DDT is a carcinogen."
Studies of men with high, medium, and low occupational ex- posure to DDT at a formulating plant, involving physical examina- tions, routine clinical laboratory tests, and chest X-rays, revealed only negative results. Some of the men were exposed almost daily for 19 years to the pure compound with no ill effects! There are many more well-documented papers de- scribing DDT as a very safe pesticide and certainly not a carcinogen. Indeed, in May 1970 the American Medical Association concluded that the theory that DDT is carcinogenic to man is unproved speculation.
Of immense irritation to many environmental activists are studies suggesting possible medical applica- tions of DDT, For example, single doses of 5 grams or higher of DDT have been administered to humans in the successful treatment of bar- biturate poisoning. More interesting is a study by Dr. Edward R. Laws showing that DDT has an inhibitory effect on tumors transplanted ex- perimentally in laboratory mice! In the study tumors were transplanted to 60 animals fed a normal diet and 60 animals fed on a diet which included DDT. All 60 of the animals on a normal diet developed tumors and all died as a result of the tumors. The mean longevity for this group was 46 days. Only 38 of the 60 animals fed DDT developed
tumors and these tumors were slow growing. The mean longevity for the DDT-fed group was 83 days. More important, the 22 animals that did not develop tumors sur- vived. Dr. Laws has distinguished himself in medical research and is a member of the American Medical Association as well as many other professional societies. At the present time Dr. Laws is the assistant chief toxicologist for the Communicable Disease Center of the U. S. Public Health Service.
A very indignant public woke up one morning to the sensational headUnes that DDT was present in human breast milk. Although the pesticide was found in only a small number of samples and in very small amounts, the dramatic effect of such a disclosure was predictable. The news media were, I'm sure, applauded by the environmentalists for doing an excellent job of getting this information to the public. Nothing, however, was said by the "newspaper scientists" about the numerous other foreign materials carried by human breast milk. If the mother drinks cocktails, smokes, or drinks coffee small quantities of alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine will most likely be found in her milk. These chemicals are far more poison- ous than DDT. For example, nico- tine is 500 times more toxic than DDT. Breast milk contains choles- terol, a compound shown to be carcinogenic to experimental ani- mals under appropriate experimental conditions. Shall we ban human breast milk along with DDT?
The well organized and articulate anti-DDT forces have done their job well. By taking advantage of the news media's quest for the sensational and by the misuse of data and some outright hes they have managed to convince the lay- man that DDT is a deadly chemical that should be totally banned. There is practically a total ban on the pesticide in most places in the U. S. However, a total ban in the U. S. will not affect the average American citizen to any great extent. It will just mean that more toxic com- pounds—in some cases much more
toxic— will have to be used in place of DDT. People will be deprived of a safe control for many pests- some serious disease vectors— and will have to use compounds less effective, more toxic, and consider- ably less researched. The cotton grower uses most of the DDT bought by the farmers in the U. S. and when you consider that cotton is the fifth most valuable crop in the U. S., a ban in this case could hurt a little. Cotton growers use DDT to control a dozen insects including the bollworm, the pink bollworm, cotton fleahopper and thrips.
Much more serious is the possi- bility that the more advanced nations will consider the production of DDT as unpopular and un- profitable and stop manufacturing it. This would introduce unbeUev- able hardships to many of the undeveloped nations of the world, especially in those nations where malaria is prevalent. Malaria is a devastating protozoan disease trans- mitted by the anopheline mosquito that is considered to be the most serious communicable disease prob- lem in the world. As Dr. Robert White-Stevens has stated: "More human beings have perished from malaria than all other infectious diseases combined." Before the ad- vent of DDT it was estimated that India suffered over 75 million cases of malaria which accounted for an annual five million deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) decided in the mid-1950's to com- bat this relentless killer disease with the extensive use of DDT. In just ten years the number of malaria cases in India was down to five miUion and deaths dropped below one hundred thousand. Even more dramatic, the Ufe span of the average Indian during those ten years in- creased from 32 to 47 years, an increase of 15 years in a decade! On February 2, 1971 officials of WHO made the following statement: "More than 1,000 million people have been freed from the risk of malaria in the past 25 years, mostly thanks to DDT. This is an achieve- ment unparalleled in the annals of public health."
The developing nations also need DDT to combat pests that invade their crops and livestock. Without DDT, which is cheap and very effective, many people in these nations will die of starvation. Lost in the importance of malaria con- trol is the fact that DDT also gives a significant control of a number of other serious diseases which include encephaUtis, bubonic plague, yellow fever, phlebotomus (sandfly) fever, dengue fever, cutaneous-leishmani- asis, and Carrion's disease. Literally, the Uves of millions of human beings depend upon DDT. Is it possible that our hysterical environ- mentalist is not aware of this?
Who will take care of the diseased and starving if the voices of reason are not listened to? Certainly not the "privileged" environmentalist who claims to be looking out for
your welfare but is, in fact, a very destructive force in public health and agriculture. Your welfare, as I see it, has a great deal to do with your ability to fight diseases and put food in your stomach as well as in the stomachs of others under less fortunate circumstances. I have yet to meet an environmentalist who is not "well fixed" in our affluent society. Typically, he has a comfortable home, a good income, one or two cars in the driveway, and a good deal of time on Ms hands. He can afford to pay higher prices and to live in areas away from serious diseases. I think it is about time our news media showed some sense of responsibility in their reporting and that our government listen to the unbiased analysis of data on pesticides rather than to the emotional hysterics of a few special interest groups.
^^^S^CI^
Ni AY 19 4 7
Crop prospects for 1947 indicate that Wisconsin may expect about a normal production, with the "hedge" that a crop below is a possibility, due to the rather light budding throughout the state. According to Vernon Goldsworthy there is further possibility that oxygen damage having occurred last fall and there are undoubtedly some vines that were injured in spring kill, probably more than normal Insect population is expected to be less than normal, because of the open winter through most of the area.
Cranberry growers today are def- initely interested in more efficient and economical methods of cran- berry production. This interest ex- tends to all phases, including modern type prefabricated flumes. Two of these flumes (models of which were exhibited at the spring meeting and exhibition of the Cape Cod Cran- berry Growers' Association April 30th) are developments by PaulJ. Whipple of The Forges Contractors, Inc., Plymouth, Mass.
NCA directors, meeting at Han- son, Mass. on May 5th, voted to pay another advance of $5.00 a bbl, bringing total to date to $30, with a still further payment to come, it is announced. Also a 50 cents cash dividend was voted on each share of common stock, which is four per cent interest.
1947 will see a nation-wide test and demonstration of the Western Cranberry Picker, with machines in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Wiscon- sin, Washington and Oregon, under the personal supervision of "Rudy" Hillstrom, President of the Western Pickers, Inc.
An enthusiastic group of some 40 members of the Southwestern Oregon Cranberry club discussed
12
production problems at its current meeting in Bandon. Officers elected for the current year are: Ray Bates, president; Frank Pook, vice president; Mrs. Jim Olson, secretary; Charles Ritchey, recording secretary; Sum- ner Fish, treasurer.
Directors of American Cranberry Exchange, meeting at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, April 23, at their 40th annual meeting, voted to approve the admission of the Ore- gon Coos Cranberry Co-op and voted the Coos president, Raymond W. Bates, into the board of directors. Directors re-elected were: Massachu- setts, A. D. Benson, George E. Short, Homer L. Gibbs, George A. Cowen, George Briggs; New Jersey, Theodore H. Budd and Edward Crabbe; Wisconsin, Bernard C. Braz- eau, Vernon Goldsworthy, Craig M. Scott.
The fifty-second annual meeting of the Growers' Cranberry Company was held in the office of the com- pany, Pemberion, New Jersey on April 15. Officers elected for the en- suing year are: president, Theodore H. Budd, Sr.; 1st vice president, Ralph B. Clayberger; 2nd vice presi- dent, Edward Crabbe; 3rd vice president and treasurer, E. C. Becher.
On April 18 the Ocean County blueberry growers held a field meet- ing at the field of Oscar Downs in Lakehurst, N. J. Timely topics were^ discussed by R. S. Wilcox, C. A. Doehlert and W. E. Tomlinson, Jr. Mr. Wilcox spoke on mummy berry and its control Mr. Doehlert dis- cussed fertilizer and drainage and Mr. Tomlinson spoke on the control of the blueberry blossom weevil
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Winter was reluctant to give way o spring in the cranberry region of ^ew Jersey. April weather was un- isually chilly with temperatures requently dropping below freezing, [he average temperature was 48.7° vhich is three degrees colder than lormal and only 1.5 degrees warmer han the coldest April (1966) in he 42-year weather recording his- ory at New Lisbon. Extremes in emperature were 83° on the 19th ind 18° on the 8th. A record low )f 28° for the date was recorded on ^pril 28th. Two blueberry fields in lake Pond recorded unofficial tem- leratures of 1 6° on this date.
There were 10 rainy days in the nonth and rainfall totaled 3.85 nches. This is about 0.48 of an nch above normal. For the first bur months of 1972 the rainfall las amounted to 13.86, which is
0.57 inch above normal for this period.
About 200 acres of cranberry bogs in the state have had the winter flood removed. Most of the remain- ing acreage will probably have the water taken off on the traditional May 10th date. No frost damage has been sustained on the early- drawn bogs.
Blueberries are very well budded up but a potential threat of exces- sive mummy berry disease losses exists in Burlington County this year. April's cool, wet weather was very favorable for the primary phase of this disease and an unusually large number of the "mummy cup" stage developed in many fields. Tractors were not able to manipu- late in many of the wet fields and this prevented prompt timing of control treatments.
Phil Marucci reports weather conditions favorable for mummy disease in blueberries. This disease should be controlled at this time.
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Mummy berries should have been destroyed with cuhivation. Blue- berry growers should be on the alert for blossom weevils and spray as soon as they appear. Parathion or Guthion should be appUed for control of the weevils.
The winter index figure for December, January and February was 109 degrees. This means winter has been rather mild and that free petals will be out in full force soon. Early varieties through the Northern Bell season should be protected by spraying with Parathion or Sevin or Malathion. Keep a check on your fields, and spray when the petals first appear.
NOTA SCOTIA
On May 9 our cranberry growers had a successful extension meeting at the Agricultural College in Truro. Mr. C. J. S. Fox, entomologist with the provincial department spoke on insect identification and reviewed the control program for the coming year. Don Palfrey spoke on weed control in the re-development of an old bog. The meeting was organized and convened by Bob Murray, small fruit speciahst with the N. S. Dept. of Agriculture and Marketing.
Our spring has been very back- ward with the mean temperature for the month of April 4.8° F be- low the 50-year average. May has been no better with a record snow- fall of 7 inches on May 1 0th.
Continued on Page 14
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Box 7, Taunton, Mass. 02781 Tel. 617 824-7578
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13
WASBINBTON
April continued the warming trend with a 51.2° mean high, March mean high was 51°. Though the high for the month was only 63° on the 3rd, continued mild weather prevailed. There were sev- eral days with hail but none actually heavy enough to do any significant damage in the area. The low for the month came on the 16th at 31° with three days of 29° bog low, the 2nd, 16th and 30th, and 28° bog low on the 10th. Mean low was 38.1° showing 16 days below this mean.
Precipitation totaled 7.83 inches, with 22 days having measurable precipitation, the greatest 1.15 inches on the 7th. Total precipita- tion for the year is 48.67 inches. The 1971 total to date came to 45.69 inches.
Cranberry Vine was mailed the first week of May, the last issue for many that did not return the ad-
dress blank from the February issue. New listing will begin July 1, 1972. The Field Day resume issue will be mailed to new listing.
Field Day at the Coastal Washing- ton Research & Extension Unit, Saturday, June 24, 1972, 10:00 A.M. Salmon smoked-baked lunch- eon will be served by the 4-H Lead- ers Council, and an interesting program is being planned. Watch for program listing in the May Cran- berries magazine.
OREBOW
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Beekeeper Problems Bared
We are lucky this year to have a source of beehives to rent for the cranberry pollination period. Our regular beekeeper was quite hesitant to return and another large bee- keeper was not anxious to rent his hives here either. I feel that this reluctance to rent hives is definitely not the fault of cranberry growers because growers have for the most part cooperated well with the bee-
eoooooooooooooooooe
ANNUAL CRANBERRY FIELD DAY
COASTAL WASHINGTON RESEARCH & EXTENSION UNIT
Long Beach, Washington
June 24, 1972
10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon
1, "Pesticides in Focus," 20-25 minute film, Shell Chemical Co. ^Programs and Problems in Agricultural Research," Dr. James Nielson, Director of Research, Washington State University. 'Cranberry Bogs* Future," Dr. Jim Barron, W.S.U. Agricultural Economist.
'Weed Control in Cranberry Bogs," A. Y. Shawa, Coastal Washington Unit.
12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m.
Smoked-baked Salmon lunch served by the 4-H Leaders Council. 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m.
5, "General Taxation," Mr. Bob Corcoran, TV Commentator,
Puyallup, Washington.
6. Question Box.
2.
4.
keepers and have paid their rental bills promptly. Instead, the problem is more one of poor yields from the hives while they are located in the Bandon area.
Beehives rented here for the bog bloom period do not, according to the beekeepers, make nearly as much honey as hives placed in some other agricultural areas during the same time period. In fact, colonies of bees rented here in past years have often been lighter at the end of the bloom period than when first set out. Because of conditions related to climate and the cranberry flowers themselves, it appears that poor yields will always be a problem that reduces beekeeper interest in renting hives for the bog pollination period.
Increasing hive rental fees have helped to make up for some of the discrepancy of yield noted above. Moreover, the good cooperation given by growers to the hive rental program has helped make the bee- keepers feel some obligation to our industry. But the basic problem of not being able to compete with other areas in hive yield remains and dictates that growers must con- tinue to cooperate fully with bee- keepers if hives are to remain available in future years.
Twig Blight Fungus Active
I have received a report from the Oregon State University Plant Clinic that sporulation of the twig blight (Lophodermium) fungus has
Continued on Page 16
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FARM BUREAU FEDERATION
U. S. Census figures, just released show a drop of 200,000 acres in farmland during the five years end- ing in 1 969. We now have about 700- thousand acres devoted to agricul- ture in our state. Only 40 farms now have 1 -thousand or more acres. In the 10 to 50-acre size, we have about 16-hundred farms now. . .by far the largest grouping by size.
Three new radio stations have been added to the select Ust of broadcasters who are willing to carry our program, "The Farm People of Massachusetts." On Satur- days, you can hear the show on WSBS in Great Barrington between 7 :30 and 8:00 a.m., in North Adams on WMNB between 7:30 and 8:00 a.m., and in the Athol-Orange area on WCAT between noon and 12:30 p.m.
The word from Flame Auction Ground is "fantastic!" Manager George Hanson reports that the an- nual used machinery sale on April 22 was a mammoth success in Lit- tleton. Hanson says he had over 600
people in attendance, and the sale was just about twice the size of last year. Everyone went home happy!
Massachusetts Land League heard an excellent presentation on farm- land assessment at its special meet- ing on April 20. Many well-chosen ideas were put forth, and with this kind of assistance, our task of in- forming the voters is made that much easier.
County Farm Bureau presidents stepped up and did a whale of a job for farm labor employers in Massa- chusetts on a recent radio broadcast. In an interview program for the Mass. Council of Churches, Worces- ter County Pres. David Chandler and Franklin County Pres. Marvin Peck spoke clearly and affirmatively on the subject of migrant labor. It was refreshing to hear such candor on the subject, particularly under the somewhat restrained circum- stances that faced our two Farm Bureau leaders. They both did a great service to agriculture!
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Two married couples in the Bos- ton area called your Farm Bureau office, looking for a smallish vege- table farm (to rent or buy) within an hour of downtown Boston. They hope to move out of the city, and try their hand at vegetable farming, not in a big way at first, but on a real farm. They need a house large enough for both couples. Got some- thing? Write to "Farms for Rent," c/o Farm Bureau, 85 Central St., Waltham, Mass. 02154 and tell us about it. We'll put you in touch.
Facing eminent domain taking? A new bill, fQed by Farm Bureau member Charles Merrick has been signed by Gov. Francis Sargent. This bill restricts the use of eminent domain in the taking of certain agricultural lands. This bill is ef- fective immediately, and directs the taking body (except the Common- wealth) to pay heed to evidence given by a farmer at a public hear- ing. If you want a full copy of the bill, send postage and your name to the state Farm Bureau office in Wahham.
AFL-CIO bill on bargaining rights for farm workers appears to be killed for this session. So far, it's a fairly smooth legislative session from the farm viewpoint. Your Farm Bureau is there . . . watching.
Are you ready for inspectioii under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)? Your Farm Bureau has learned that the federal government is training some 8,000 inspectors for this job, and you are subject to a heavy ($500) fine for each violation of the act.
15
ol3iruAi^y
MRS. A. GOTTSCHALK
Funeral services were held May 19 at the First Congregational Church for Mrs. August F. Gotts- chalk, 90, of Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. Burial was in Forest Hill Cemetery.
Mrs. Gottschalk, the former Mabel McFarland, was born in Wis- consin Rapids on March 25, 1882, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Rufus E. McFarland, an old-time cranberry grower in Wisconsin with marshes in Cranmoor and Adams county. She married August F. Gottschalk in Wisconsin Rapids on August 16, 1911.
She is survived by her husband, two sons, Robert of Wisconsin Rapids, and J ere of Lake Forest, 111.; one daughter, Mrs. David Bogue of Jupiter, Fla.; nine grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. One daughter and one brother preceded her in death.
OREGON
Continued from Page 14 begun. There was a marked increase in maturity of fungus fruiting bodies in samples taken recently as com- pared to those taken earlier. As a result, growers are urged to apply their first fungicide now if this has not aheady been done. Where the first fungicide or Bordeaux mixture has been applied two or more weeks ago, it would be a good precaution to apply again a recommended fungicide on bogs where twig bUght has been found. Consult the 1972 Oregon Cranberry Plant Disease Control Program recommendations for rates to use and for additional information on the twig bUght di- sease.
HEAD OF OCEAN SPRAY REPORTS TO GROWERS
Cranberry growers met in Ilwaco, Washington on May 14 to hear a report from the new president and general manager of Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Harold Thorkilsen of Hanson, Mass. He spoke to 50 growers from the peninsula and Clatsop College at a dinner meeting at Red's Restaurajit.
cranberry growers
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Thorkilsen armounced that the growers should get close to the pre- dicted 11 cents per pound for last year's crop. He said it appeared that earning for this pool year would be just short of the budget by 28 cents a barrel. However, he pointed out that sales revenue was up 14 percent this year over last, dollar proceeds are up 20 percent and utilization of fruit in the various product mixes is up 18 percent.
He also spoke on costs of sales, on some of the marketing programs of the company such as institutional marketing and the multinational (foreign) marketing. He then talked about his philosophy on new prod- ucts and told the growers about several products in the research and developing and test marketing stages.
Thorkilsen and his group from Massachusetts have been attending grower meetings in Wisconsin, Brit- ish Columbia and Grayland. From here, they went to Bandon, Oregon, finishing their West Coast visits to the cranberry growing areas.
Accompanying the president were Endre Endresen, Senior Vice- President in charge of operations; Gilbert Beaton, director of growers relations; and Robert Lucas, West Coast area manager of Ocean Spray from Markham.
Also attending was Robert Quim- by, director of Ocean Spray from , Grayland; Wilson Blair, representing i Ocean Spray in the Long Beach area, and Frank Glenn, Ocean Spray director from the peninsula.
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16
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
By H. F. MccoLLY, Mich. State Univ. and J. w. MARTIN, Univ. of Idaho 553 pages, 6x9, 335 illus., $9.50
xplains the importance of engineering in agriculture and the slationship of agricultural engineering to agricultural science, oth the fundamentals and the practical aspects of these topics e fully treated. The contents of this volume include Agricul- ral Mechanics . . . Farm Power . . . Farm Machinery . . . Process- g Agricultural Products . . . Farm Structures and Conveniences . . Farm-buildings Investment and Economics . . . Soil- and ater-conservation Engineering . . . Soil Erosion Control . . . and any other vital topics.
IRRIGATED SOILS, 2nd ED. Their Fertility and Management
l. By D. w. THORNE and h. b. peterson
\ Both of Utah State Agr. College
392 pages, 78 illus., 64 tables, $9.50
ere is an outstanding text which pioneered in presenting rigation in relation to other soil management practices. Since le publication of the first edition, research has shown that aximum yields from irrigation are dependent on the proper ilance of such factors as fertility, plant population, plant laracteristics, and crop rotations. Just a sample of the contents ►, this guide includes the salt problem, measuring irrigation ater, maintaining ©rganic matter, fertilizer elements, sources id quality of irrigation water.
Agricultural Engineering Agronomy Horticulture Plant Pathology
WEED CONTROL, 3rd ED.
By ALDEN s. CRAFTS, Univ. of California
and WILFRED w. robbins, formerly of Univ. of California
671 pages, 6x9, 171 iUus., $15.50
Based on a physiological approach, this text and manual poses the problem of weeds in agricultural production, describes some of our most serious weed pests, introduces the principles of modern weed control, and tabulates present day chemical meth- ods. It classifies weed control methods on the basis of their mechanisms rather than upon the crops to be treated. This guide also includes recent innovations in chemicalized control and reviews current literature in the field. Contents include biological control of weeds, herbicides— selective and non-selective, tillage methods of weed control, special weed problems, and scores of other subjects.
SMALL FRUIT CULTURE, 3rd ED.
By JAMES s. shoemaker, Univ. of Fla. 433 pages, 6 x 9, 64 illus., $10.50
Covers the culture of grapes, strawberries, bramble-fruits, cur- rants and gooseberries, blueberries, and cranberries. The author discusses culture problems for each region. Everything you need to know is included for each type of fruit: brief history, list and description of leading varieties, propagation methods, and all other cultural instructions. This comprehensive guide also gives you valuable instructions and suggestions for harvesting and handling your crop. Throughout, the author emphasizes the practical applications of digging, planting, spraying, and other field work.
NATURE AND PREVENTION OF PLANT DISEASES, 2nd ED.
By K. STARR CHESTER, Alton Box Board Co. 525pages, 224 illus., $11.50
This useful guide presents a thorough study of plant diseases oriented to the needs of agriculture. Extensive revisions of seed treatment and spraying and dusting of fruits and vegetables are included in this second edition. You'll also find complete cover- age of vthe latest developments in disease control practices, including the slurry, pelleting, and vapor-heat methods of seed treatment. You'll also review the latest advances in non-metallic organic fungicides, and innovations in methods of spraying and dusting.
DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS
By HARRY WARREN ANPERSON
Formerly of Univ. of Illinois 501pages, 6x9, $13.75
or research workers, teachers, and practicing horticulturists, lis book provides detailed information on the diseases of iltivated fruit crops in the temperate zone, both in America id in foreign countries, with the exception of citrus and sub- opical fruits. For each disease the history, geographic distri- ition, symptoms, causal organism, hosts, morphology of the ithogen, disease cycle, and control, and selected reference >urces are given. Diseases are presented in the order of their jportance.
PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2nd ED.
By JOHN c. WALKER, Univ. of IVis. 707 pages, 6x9, 194 illus., $13.50
Here is a basic introduction to the field of plant pathology written by an authority in the field. Its contents include a history of plant pathology, nonparasitic dise^es . . . bacterial diseases . . . virus diseases . . . relation of environmsnt to disease development . . . disease control through exclusion ahd eradication . . . diseases incited by phycomycetes, fungi imperfecti, asomycetes, basidio- mycetes, phanerogamic parasites, nematodes, plasmodiophorales . . . disease control through protection and through host resist- ance. Special coverage of causal organisms of fungus diseases is provided.
Order From
CRANBERRIES MAGAZINE
P.O. Box J, Kingston, Mass. 02360
17
THE BRIDE LIKES PINK
This year it is expected that well over two milhon weddings will take place across the country. And, the bride of 1972 has very definite ideas as to what type wedding she wants. The trend is toward a more simple and personalized ceremony and reception.
When it comes to the traditional wedding cake, many brides are choosing pink rather than the more formal white. And, many of them are either making their own wedding cakes, or helping mother or a rela- tive to do so.
The beautiful cake shown here is tinted blushing pink by adding cranberry juice cocktail to the yummy, fluffy frosting. It is easily made with six packages of yellow cake mix baked in two 10", 8" and 6" layer cake pans (6 layers total). The layers are assembled with cranberry-orange reUsh for a de- Uciously extra-special flavor. Any bride-to-be would be thrilled with such a labor of love on her wedding day.
The wedding punch can be champagne or white wine, with a big red ice heart of cranberry juice cocktail floating in the bowl to add color and a touch of whimsy. To make the heart, simply pour cranberry juice cocktail into a heart- shaped mold and freeze. Unmold in your punch bowl when the party is about to begin.
BLUSHING WEDDING CAKE
(Serves about 60)
yer pans needed:
2, 10" round pans (2" deep) 2, 8" round pans (2" deep) 2, 6" round pans (2" deep)
Ingredients:
6 padcages (18.5 ounces each) yellow cake mix
3 jars (14 ounces each) Ocean Spray cranberry-orange relish
4 packages fluffy-white frosting mix
2 cups Ocean Spray cranberry juice cocktail
3 bunches small pink sweetheart
18
Make up 1 package cake mix as label directs; divide between two 6-inch pans, bake 25 to 30 minutes or until cake tester inserted in center comes out clean. Cool 10 minutes; remove from pans to racks to finish cooling. Make up two packages cake mix as directed; bake in two 8-inch pans, 30 to 35 min- utes; cool as above. Make up three packages cake mix as directed; di- vide between two 10-inch pans, bake 35 to 40 minutes; cool as above. On large serving platter or 12-inch plastic covered heavy card- board, place one 10-inch layer, spread with some cranberry-orange rehsh, top with other 10-inch layer to make 1 tier. Repeat layering and spreading using graduated layers together and form a 3-tier cake.
Bring cranberry juice cocktail to a boil. Prepare frosting mix as label directs but use hot cranberry juice instead of water. Reserve 2 cups of frosting, use remaining to frost sides and top of cake. Place
reserved frosting in pastry bag fitted with a star tip and make rosettes and scallops on cake as desired. Wash and dry sweetheart roses. Cut off stems to about 1 inch, reserve some leaves. Press roses into top and sides of cake, press rose leaves around blossoms in natural pattern.
ERBICIDE
! SPRAYING
|DUCING THE DRIFT
An adjuvant-nozzle system has been ^eloped by Colloidal Products Cor- ration and Delevan Manufacturing . that enables aerial or ground appli- ors of herbicides to reduce drift by much as 70 per cent. FOMEX, a combined spreader-acti- or, as well as a foaming agent, when d in combination with a foam gen- ting nozzle will:
1 . Provide maximum contact of the ay solution.
2. Reduce evaporation of the spray )osit,
3. Form a fast draining foam to al- j maximum liquid contact with the nt surface.
4. Increase absorption of herbicide ay.
5. Substantially reduce spray drift.
FOMEX spray pattern.
NEW CATALOG SYSTEM INTRODUCED
An all-new full-color cataloging system has been introduced by the Howard Rotavator Company of Har- vard, Illinois, to replace their con- ventional bound catalogs. The new system provides large full-color photographs, plus complete product descriptions and application in- formation on each piece of Howard equipment. They are printed on separate sheets so they can be mixed and matched to meet cus- tomer's requirements.
"The Howard line of soil manage- ment systems has become too di- versified for the conventional bound catalog and was both cumbersome and confusing to dealers and users alike," reported Chris Burden, How- ard Sales Manager. "The new system provides a far superior method of presenting information on the speci- fic equipment, or combinations of equipment that the customer needs."
Howard Rotavator Company is a member of the Rotary Hoes Group of Companies who manu- facture and market a wide range of farm and related equipment through- out the world.
Howard distributes the "Rotava- tor" line of Rotary Tillage equip- ment, the "Power-Arm" backhoe- trenchers, the "V" Chisel, chisel plows, the "Turf-Quaker," turf aerification and grounds mainten- ance equipment, plus a series of automated wine presses for the wine industry in the U.S.A.
PESTICIDE STORAGE
The rules for storing liquid pest- icides usually have bearing on safety procedures, but there's still another factor that should not be over- looked, Grant-Adams Area Exten- sion Agent Bill Foeppel says.
Liquid pesticides that have not been stored through the winter months in an area that does not freeze may have changed. That is, some pesticides may salt out in cooler temperatures. This means that the chemical salts that are in solution at higher temperature may revert back to the crystalline form so that you end up with a bunch of technical salts in the bottom of the container and the liquid solvent on top. Some pesticides will go back in solution if shook enough after they have warmed up to room temperature. Those that do not go back in solution should be disposed of.
CRANBERRIES... the on
GROWER'; magazine
WANTED TO BUY s 2 WESTERN PICKERS
C. E. Morse Tel. Evenings 695-9612
Conventional spray pattern.
19
♦ T 'I' 1' 'I' T 1' T W^r^ w • • -•- -w^ • • • I
WISCONSIN
4.,|m| i »i»4 < K I « • H I 1 1 I •*♦♦
The month of April ended with temperatures returning to near nor- mal levels during the last week from the very cool first and third week periods. Sunshine was above normal during this last week, especially in northern areas, and topsoil moisture was reduced to levels suitable for working at least the Ughter soils. As the week ended, showers were again moving into southwestern Wis- consin. The last winter snow and ice on the small lakes in the north and frost in the ground in central areas were gradually disappearing as April ended.
The weather during the first week of May was characterized by fre- quent rains early and late in the week with a few sunny and dry days in between. The cloudy and wet weather at the end of the week was restricted to the southern counties while mostly clear skies with pleas- ant days and cool nights prevailed over the majority of the State. As a result excess soil moisture is partic- ularly a problem south of a line from Dubuque to Milwaukee where some places have received 8 inches of rain since April 1 6, and evapora- tion has been minimal due to the cloudy and cool weather.
Except for cloudy and rainy con- ditions in the extreme southern
counties on the 8th and showers over much of the state on the 13th and 14th, the week featured some very fine sunny weather with excel- lent drying conditions. Tempera- tures were still on the cool side as the week began with minimum around 30 degrees in many areas on the 8th and 9th. Warming after midweek boosted afternoon read- ings into the 70's on most days ex- cept for slightly cooler during the showery weekend.
FIRM FOIL WRAPS MEALS FOR WILDS
Flexible foil packages soon may be providing the answer to some of the ecological problems plaguing this country.
Astro Sterile Packaging, a division of Cranberry Products, Inc., Eagle River, is planning to package food products in a flexible foil pouch. The packages can be taken to a campsite, heated in boiling water, and either burned or compressed and carried back out.
This offers an easy way to pro- vide meals in wilderness areas where tin cans and glass bottles have been banned.
The company has been proces- sing food in the flexible pouches for Army laboratories for several years. The packages originally were de-
signed for survival of paratroopers and pilots in Arctic areas.
Tin cans caused injuries and also were difficult to transport. And un- less there was fire available, the contents had to be eaten cold.
With the foil packets, a good supply of food could be carried in- side the clothing next to the body. And the body heat would keep the food warm enough to provide a meal at body temperature.
Cranberry Products formerly em- ployed only about 10 persons dur- ing the winter after the cranberry harvest. This winter they employed a record 60 persons, about 25 of them in the Astro division.
Charles Goldsworthy, sales repre- sentative for Astro, said the foil packets can be punctured, but not easily. He claimed that there may be 1 bad can in 10,000 whereas the pouch process averages only 1 bad package in 100,000.
)
(Wisconsin-Michigan Growers)
ALUMINUM HEADGATES FABRICATED
TO YOUR SPECIFICATIONS
HAND WHEEL OPERATED GATES
ALUMINUM CORRUGATED PIPE
INTERNATIONAL POWER UNITS
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Eau Claire, Wis. Escanaba, Mich. Milwaukee, Wis.
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20
II.
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCnON EQUIPMENT
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INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY
WANTED
Cranberry research needs back numbers of this magazine as follows:
1936
SEP, NOV, DEC
1937
JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY
JUNE, JULY, AUG, NOV
1938
MAR, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUG
1958
OCT
Some exchange copies avaUable
PLEASE WRITE:
Dr. G. W. Eaton
Dept. of Plant Science
University of B. C.
Vancouver 8, Canada
% sepvine llie WISCONSIN growers %
FOR SALE
SEARLES JUMBO HOWES, McFARLlN Vines for delivery in 1972 I WILL GIVE A 10% BONUS ON ANY ORDERS PLACED NOW FOR VINES NEXT YEAR
$300 Ton F.O.B. Ben Lears $750 Ton Stevens $1000 Ton
INTERESTED IN PURCHASING WISCONSIN CRANBERRY PROPERTIES
Vernon Goldsworthy
B.S. & M.S.
University of Wisconsin
Cranberry Consultant
Fees Reasonable
EAGLE RIVER WISCONSIN
CORRUGATED
CULVERT PIPE
and
FLOW GATES
Aluminum — Galvanized Asphalt Coated
Felker Bros. Mfg. Co.
MARSHFIELD WISCONSIN Area 715 384-3121
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WISCONSIN HEADQUARTERS FOR
INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES
HERBICIDES
DUSTS • WETTABLE POWDERS • EMULSIONS
SEVIN • PARATHION • GUTHION
CAFTAN • FERBAM • COPPER SULFATE
DITHANE M-22 (MANEB) • DIFOLATAN
PRINCEP • MOR-CRAN • DIQUAT • 2,4-D
Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co.
p. 0. BOX 584 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701 Phone: Area Code 608-222-0624 ^
How city slickers pick cranberries.
Every year, millions of people who don't know a bog from a back forty pick tons of cranberries and never get a blooper.
They do it the easy way. They just look for the Ocean Spray label. On cans and bottles and jars.
Because to millions of people, Ocean Spray means cranberries.
In stores all over the country, they're picking more cranberries than they ever picked before. In all shapes and forms and com- binations.
They don't know as much about cranberries as cranberry growers. But they know about Ocean Spray. And that's good enough for them.
issachusetts
New Jersey
\/\/iscansin
Oregon
\A/ashington
Canada
3ia
35*3
ci
V'5'^^^
CRANBERRIES
THE NATIONAL CRANp^Rj^^V MAGAZINE
J. R. ROTH, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture (Story on Page 10)
PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY
JUL 2 0 1972
JUNE 1972
HONEYBEE POPULATIONS AND
FRUIT SET JN CRANBERRY 8
THE INSTITUTIONAL CONVENIENCE CRANBERRY PACK 10
LIBRARY - SERIALS SECT! UN IV OF MASS AMHERST MASS 01005
_^g- DIRECTORY fop cpanlieppy gpoweps •^^
Complete Line of Pesficides and Ferfilizers
Helicopter Application By "Whitey" of Plymouth Copters, Inc. HARRY T. FISHER, JR. Agric. Chemical Representative Purchase St. AAiddleboro, AAass. Telephone 947-2133
Cranberries Advertising Pays Big Dividends
Electricity - l(ey to progress
in industry as well as the home, electricity has been a vital key to progress. It is now and will continue to be in the future, readily available wherever and whenever it is needed.
^ NEW BEDFORD GAS AND EDISON LIGHT COMPANY
PLYMOUTH DIVISION
PLYMOUTH, MASS.
EQUIPMENT
HAYDEN
- SEPARATOR - WAREHAM, MASS.
Irrigation Systems PUMPS
SEPARATORS - BLOWERS SCREENHOUSE EQUIPMENT
DARLINGTON PICKING MACHINES
The National Bank of Wareham
Conveniently located for Cranberry Men
FUNDS ALWAYS AVAILABLE FOR SOUND LOANS
COMPLETE BANKING SERVICE
Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
The ^
CHARLES W. HARRIS^
Company a
451 Old Somerset Avenue |j North Dighton, Mass Phone 824-5607
AMES
Irrigation Systems
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with Satisfaction Guaranteed n
CRANBERRY COLOR RESEARCH
"Color it Red - Earlier"
More uniformly red cranberries could result from use of a chemical called ethephon in cranberries, ac- cording to research by University of Wisconsin horticulturists.
The chemical is not yet registered for commercial use, and treated cranberries cannot be sold, the re- searchers emphasize. Their study concerned the value of the material if and when it is registered for this use. Better color would be of com- mercial economic value to growers.
Bruce Rigby, M.N. Dana and L.K. Binning experimented with the material under several conditions, checking berry color at harvest time.
They concluded ethephon does not really increase the potential for red color in cranberries, but it trig- gers the process earUer— that is, treat- ment of immature berries causes red color development, but treat- ment of mature red berries doesn't make them any redder.
The important thing is that eth- ephon reddened mature green ber-
ries deep in the foliage and hidden from the light. Thus, application of ethephon, possibly through the sprinkler system, would give a more uniform coloring to' all fruits in the field and allow earlier harvesting. Earlier harvesting would decrease the need for frost protection, which is an expensive part of the cran- berry operation, the researchers ex- plain.
Only the very highest dosage in- fluenced the size of the berries, and this was a small effect. None of the treatments resulted in more rapid breakdown of the berries in storage, the researchers showed.
This research was supported with funds supplied by the Wisconsin cranberry industry.
-better fruit . . . better vegetables
AGNES ADDS TO GROWERS WOES IN NEW JERSEY; BLUEBERRY CROP REDUCED ONE THIRD
Tropical storm Agnes touched this section lightly with less than three inches of rain, while areas in
|
CRANBERRY GROWERS SERVICE, INC. 1 |
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Little Harbor Road, Wareham, Mass. 02571 | |
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Ken Beaton — |
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Specializing in: |
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MANAGEMENT |
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Butyl rubber discharge, 2" to |
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a path 50 to 100 miles westward suffered record flooding and dam- age.
The 2.75 inches of rain that fell during the storm just increased dam- age to the blueberry crop that has suffered the wettest spring in many years.-
Phillip Marucci, chief of the N. J. Cranberry-Blueberry Lab, reported the record spring rains created a severe fungus disease that caused blossoms to rot. The disease has transferred to the fruit and will cause a large reduction in the yield of early varieties now ripening for market.
On the other hand, according to Marucci, later blueberry varieties look good.
Marucci declared the wet weather caused such extensive damage that this year will go down as one of the worst in the history of the blue- berry industry.
He said preliminary surveys con- ducted of its grower members by the Blueberry Cooperative Associa- tion, New Lisbon, indicate a harvest of approximately one third less than 1971.
Marucci said 1 .75 inches of rain fell on June 22, during the peak of the storm and an additional inch since then for a total of 2.75.
Lakes and streams overflowed their banks in the area but the flooding was far less than in previ- ous storms.
UP WITH BERRIES
Oregon's 1971 berry crops (cane- berries, strawberries, and cranber- ries) totaled 139.8 million pounds, up 4 percent from 1970, according to the Oregon Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. Increased pro- duction of strawberries more than offset decreases in tame blackberries and boysenberries. The value of production of all berry crops to- taled $21.3 million compared with about $22.0 million a year ago.
j^^^eAffteiif'
l^OV^ . . . YOU CAN SAVE MONEY WITH LARCHMONT IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT. DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY . . .
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• LOADS 100 BARRELS IN 15 MINS.
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IMPELLER IS RECESSED AWAY FROM WATER PATH
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Mass.
Cranberry
Station
i Fiem Notes
by IRVING E. OEMORANVILLE
extension cranberry specialist
Personals
Drs. Robert Devlin and Robert Yaklich attended a meeting of the Northeastern Section of Plant Physi- ologists in Binghampton, New York from May 4-6. They presented a paper on increasing the uptake of certain herbicides in plants by pre- treating with growth hormone.
Frost
The spring frost season was late in arriving this year and there were only five frost warnings released through May. This compares with six for the same period in 1971, 14 in 1970, 25 in 1969 and 21 in 1968. These figures include both afternoon and evening warnings. A very cold, wet period, consisting of the entire month of April and the first three weeks of May kept frost conditions away from the area, but also made this the most backward spring in many years as far as plant development was concerned. How- ever, on May 25 the first frost warning was issued and it was a "stinger" with temperatures as low as 18 degrees on the bogs. It was cold everywhere, even in Nantucket, and came early in the evening soon after dark in some cases. There has been a fair amount of damage throughout the entire cranberry area-nearly everyone has some frosted spots.
Weather
May was cold for the first three weeks but the last week was quite [warm so that the month as a whole averaged only 0.6 of a degree below normal. Maximum temperature was 77** on the 23rd and the minimum 35° on the 11th and 26th. Cool I periods occurred on 2-4th, 8-1 0th,
15th, 19-20th and 25th. Warmer than average days were 17- 18th, 21st, 23rd and 30-3 1st.
Rainfall totalled 6.25 inches which is 2.8 inches above normal. There was measurable precipitation on 1 1 days with 1 .93 inches on the 3-4th as the largest storm. We are now 4-3/4 inches above normal for the 5-month period and about 4-1/3 inches ahead of 1971.
Maneb and Ferbam are recom- mended on the chart and DifoUtan has recently been approved for use in certain situations, as noted in a notice to all growers. Fungicide treatments are recommended where berries are intended for the fresh fruit market and when water har- vest is planned. Any bog that has produced fruit of questionable qual- ity in past years will ahnost cer- tainly benefit from fungicide appli- cations this year.
Final Keeping Quality Forecast
Weather conditions to June 1st show only three points of a possible 16 which favor good keeping quaUty for the 1972 cranberry crop. This year's prospect is for generally poor keeping quahty and growers are urged to use fungicides as recom- mended in the latest Insect and Disease Control Chart to minimize field rot as well as storage rot.
^*^
^♦^
R. F. MORSE & SON, Inc
Serving Agriculture
Helicopter Application Division
CHEMAPCO, INC.
Cranberry Highway
West Wareham, Mass.
295-1553
>— ^—>—>—^—^— ^—^—^—^—^— )—>—>— ^—'>—)=^?ri??ir^^rM=>=)
Have You Missed These Articles ?
Cranberries Magazine's Reader's Service makes available copies of the 9rticles listed below which have appeared in past issues. Order the articles you want to update your library. Please send cash or check with each article requested. ORDER BY NUMBER.
TECHNICAL
864 — Casoron and Weed Control in Cranberries $1.25
265 —Evaluation of Newer Fungicides in Massachusetts 1.25 265a —Application of Granular Herbicides 1.25
365 -Fertilizer Requirements of Cranberries 1.25 465 —Encouraging the Bumble Bee in Washington 1.25 565 —Research and Problems in Weed Control in Wisconsin 1.50
865 -New Cranberry Varieties for Processing 1.25
1165 -Observations on the Symptoms and Control of
Cranberry Red-Gall Disease 1.25
166 -Cranberry Pollination 1.25
266 —Casoron Retention in Cranberry Soils 1.25 666 —Progress Report of Trace Elements Studies on Cranberries 1.25
766 —Objective Measures to Determine Cranberry Yields 1.25
866 -Cranberry Speckling Can be Controlled 1.25
167 —Telephone Frost Warning Device 1.75 167a —Cranberry Ring Spot Disease Injuring Searles Variety 1.25
367 -Cranberry Vine Injury 1.25
467 -Control of Red-Gall in Cranberries 1.25 567 —Miscellaneous Thoughts on Cranberry Insects 1.25 1167 -Cranberry Pollination 1.25 1267 —Frost Forecasting in Bandon, Oregon 1.50
168 -Die Back of Cranberry in Wisconsin 1.25 268 -Control of Fairy Rung Disease 1.25
368 —Cranberry Varieties in Nova Scotia 1.25 368a —Wisconsin Cranberry Research Report 1.25
468 —Nitrogen Fertilization and Cranberries 1.75 868 -Sprinkler Frost Protection 3.00
469 —Chemical Color Enhancement of Cranberry Fruit 1.75 569 —Increasing Yields by Controlling Weeds in Nova Scotia 1.25
GENERAL
536 —Volume 1-Number 1, Cranberries Magazine (Reprint) 1.00
964 -Annual Meeting of CCCG A, 1964 1.75 1264 —Washington Experiment Station 1.75
965 -Annual Meeting of CCCG A, 1965 1.75
1065 —Our Changing Values in Cranberry Culture 1.50
366 -New Jersey Annual Winter Meeting, 1966 1.75
966 -Annual Meeting of CCCG A, 1966 1.75
1066 -Early History of Massachusetts State Cranberry Bog 1.25
1166 —New Jersey Research Center at Oswego 1.50 1266 -Whitesbog, New Jersey 1.50
567 -Life on a Cranberry Bog Around 1900 1.75
767 —Daniel James Crowely, Sprinkler Pioneer 1.25
867 -Cranberry Growing in Washington 1.50
568 —New Direction in Harvesting Techniques 1.50 668 -New Variety in Nova Scotia 1.50
768 -Massachusetts Experiment Station Demonstration 1.50 768a -History of Cranberry Industry in New Jersey 1.75 868a -ACGA New Jersey Meeting, 1968 1.25
CRA]>^BERRIES
THE NA TIONAL CRANBERR Y MA GAZINE - Our 34th Year of Publication -
publisher
I. STANLEY COBB
B
Issue of June 1972 / Volume 37 - No. 2 ANOTHER CASE FOR PESTICIDES !
While reviewing a recent issue of the Ciba-Geigy Journal, we were interested in the following portion from an article entitled, "Pesticides in Review." We pass it on for our readers' information.
A while ago the editor of a magazine made bold to address a top-flight science journalist, congratulating him on a brilliant feature describing the accomplish- ment and promise of modern chemistry which he had written for a leading international journal, but suggesting that he'd been rather harsh in calling those who have persuaded many people, including some public officials, that pesticides are dangerous and should be banned, "gifted polemicists, with an emotional, romantic and mystical bent." The author wrote back in no uncertain terms:
"I have long been a passionate conservationist, long before most of the 'polemicists' to whom I refer began their misguided attacks. I say misguided because they have all too often simply been a blanket attack on science and industry, on whom they would place the blame for all misuse and prob- lems arising out of use of pesticides. I suggest that this is most inappropriate, reckless and irresponsible, often creating more problems than may possibly be solved."
And he added:
"As for DDT, perhaps I am influenced in my thinking by experience, a disadvantage which does not afflict many of its most vociferous critics. I have lived for much of my life in tropical countries without contracting malaria, largely because of syste- matic apphcations of DDT. I have seen what insecti- cides have done for crops in these countries, and what this has meant to millions of people who are eating more and better as a result."
Office: R-55 Summer Street, Kingston, Massachusetts 02364, Post Office Box J. Telephone (617) 585-3604 All correspondence and advertising should be sent to Box J, Kingston.
advisors - correspondents
Nova Scotia I. V. HALL
Botanist, Research Station Kentville, Nova Scotia
Massachusetts DR. CHESTER E. CROSS
Director, Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
IRVING DeMORANVILLE
Extension Cranberry Specialist Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
New Jersey PHILIP E. MARUCCI
Research Professor in Entomology
Extension Specialist in Cranberries and Blueberries
Official Cooperative Weather Bureau Observer
Oregon
DAVID KEIR
County Extension Agent Coquille, Oregon
Washington AZMI Y. SHAWA
Assistant Horticulturist and
Extension Agent in Horticulture
Long Beach, Washington
Wisconsin
VERNON GOLDSWORTHY
Eagle River, Wisconsin
CRANBERRIES is published once a month by Pilgrim Publishers at R-55 Siunmer Street (P.O. Box J) Kingston, Massachusetts. Second Class postage paid at Plymouth, Massachusetts Post Office.
Price is 50^ per copy, $5.00 a year in U.S., $6.00 in Canada; all other countries $8.00 a year. Foreign remittances must equal U.S. funds.
Copyright 1972 by Pilgrim Publishers
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CALCULATED IN OREGON
By David Keir County Extension Agent, Oregon
With all the concern over phos- phate applications to local bogs, I feel it is about time to check into how much actual phosphorus the vines and berries will use. Dr. Ralph Garren, extension small fruits specialist at Oregon State Univer- sity, has told me that the average phosphorus content of cranberries has been calculated to be 80 parts per million. Thus, a 100 barrel per acre crop of berries would remove only eight tenths of a pound of phosphorus from that acre of bog. More phosphorus would be included however, in vines removed by prun- ing, beating, etc., but again amounts removed are small. For example, Dr. Garren has also calculated that approximately two and a half pounds of phosphorus would be included in a ton of dried vines re- moved from an acre of bog. Adding his figures then, the total removal of actual phosphorus per acre per year would come to only about three and a half pounds.
Other researchers have also cal- culated the removal of phosphorus from cranberry bogs. Azmi Shawa reported in his August 6, 1969, Cranberry Vine that a 100-barrel crop per acre would remove one pound of phosphorus in the berries.
All of the above figures are pretty academic until one calculates the amount of fertilizer that would contain four pounds of phosphorus.
One common phosphorus fertilizer available here is triple superphos- phate. Twenty pounds of this mater- ial contain approximately the four pounds of phosphorus and so would replace what is removed from each acre in a year. At best the vine needs for this element seem small and of no great concern here where more than adequate amounts are available in most bog soils.
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A survey of bog tests taken from the same bogs but about a year apart has verified that phosphorus levels do not change very much over a period of time. Of even more in- terest, however, is that almost no fertilizers containing phosphate were used on the bogs included in the survey between the 1970 and 1971 soil test dates. I am now more sure than ever that there is no justi- fication for the use of large amounts of phosphate in an Oregon bog fertility program.
One reason for the above opin- ion is because the bog survey has indicated the phosphate applications tend to "stay around" in our bog soils. As a result, phosphorus levels can build up in the bogs if larger than minimum maintenance appli- cations of phosphate are applied. Another good reason for not apply- ing large amounts of phosphorus to bogs is that the need of the vines for this element is relatively small. For example, it has been estimated that the removal of one ton of dried vines in pruning plus the harvest of 100-barrel crop per acre will remove only about four and a half pounds of actual phosphorus from that acre. This figure is approximately equal to the amount of phosphate appHed in one-half sack of ordinary super- phosphate or in one quarter sack of triple super-phosphate per acre.
The important thing to keep in mind in limiting phosphate applica- tions is that levels of this important plant nutrient must be kept in bal- ance with levels of other nutrients needed by the vines. Just one factor in this caution is that yellow upright tips and leaves can be caused by the relationship between high phos- phorus levels and zinc deficiency.
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According to Azmi Shawa's Cran- berry Fweof July 20, 1966, "There is a relationship between high phos- phorus and zinc deficiencj^. Zinc is not tied up in the soil by phos- phorus, however. High levels of phosphorus in the plant tissue tend to restrict the uptake of zinc" . . . by the vines instead. Thus, the use of too much phosphate can create conditions which are best avoided by limiting applications of this ele- ment to amounts needed by the vines.
TISSUE TEST
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSING
It is now becoming obvious that other cranberry growing areas are actively trying to develop tissue analysis to the point where bog fertilizer needs can be judged from tissue test readings. An article in the April issue of American Fruit Grower provides some information about this type of work being car- ried on in Wisconsin. Two research- ers there have concentrated their efforts upon determining what tis- sue test readings mean in regard to bOg phosphorus needs. As a result,
they have actually found a minimum reading below which vines will re- spond to phosphorus applications. Moreover, they have also deter- mined the reading level below which vines actually will show the typical phosphorus deficiency symptoms of pinkish growing tips and leaves with a purplish tinge.
One portion of the American Fruit Grower article that could pos- sibly be related to our soil test program is of interest. The two Wis- consin researchers have also gath- ered evidence that soil test levels below 45 to 60 pounds of phos- phorus per acre could limit growth. If these figures were broken down to parts per million phosphorus as an Oregon bog soil test would read, then our readings of 22 to 30 for phosphorus would be about the same. Since our soil testing program has led to recommendations which call for phosphorus applications at readings of 20 parts per million or below, it is comforting that we have come this close to phosphorus soil test level determinations backed up by what appears to be an effective tissue testing program.
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WISCONSIN
SUMMER
MEETING
The summer cranberry field day is scheduled for August 17, 1972 at the Jacob Searles Cranberry Co., Rt. 3, Wisconsin Rap- ids, 54494 (Don Duckart). More complete program details will be announced later.
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HONEYBEE POPULATIONS AND FRUIT SET IN CRANBERRY
by Bruce Rigby, M. N. Dana,
F. Moeller and C. F. Koval-
Universitv of Wisconsin. Madison
Roberts and Struckmeyer (5) believed that the cranberry Vac- cinium macrocarpon Ait flowers were poUinated by agitation of the blossoms either by air currents or insect activity. Filmer (2) showed that wind and mechanical jarring of the blossoms were ineffective in promoting pollination. Farrar and Bain (1) showed that honeybees "work" blossoms and bring about pollination. Marucci (3) reviewed the Uterature and concluded that insects were the chief pollinating agents for cranberry.
Saran screen cages, 1 2 mesh per inch with a 12% light depression factor, each covering an area of 363 ft.2 (22 X 16.5 ft. x 7 ft. high) were used with the early cultivar Ben Lear. Five treatments were used: 1) a cage with honeybees at the rate of 10 colonies/acre equiva- lent; 2) a cage with honeybees at the approximate rate of 1 colony/- acre equivalent; 3) an uncaged area; 4) a cage with no honeybees; 5) a cage with no honeybees and the area sprayed with Gardona insecti- cide. The cages were erected on June 19 as the first flowers opened and the bees were introduced the day following. All cages were re- moved on July 16. Within each plot, 4 sub-plots of 10 sq. ft. were defined by wire hoops. The number of bees visiting flowers within each hoop during a 30 sec. period was recorded hourly for several days. In the "open" plots the counts in- cluded bumblebees as well as honey- bees.
On September 2 1 all the uprights from 4 sub-plots of 1 sq. ft. were taken from each plot. These samples were used to obtain fruit set, flower- ing and budding data.
8
The berries were hand raked from the 10 sq. ft. sub-plots, weighed for yield, and graded into 4 size categories; viz., less than 9 mm. diameter, 9-12 mm., 13-16 mm., and those more than 16 mm. in diameter. Seed counts were made at random from each of the treat- ment sub-plots, within the above size categories.
Results and Discussion
The bees were most active when the temperature was high and the relative humidity was low as is shown for a representative sunny day. Fig, 1. In the cage where the bee population was high, about twice as many visits were observed as in the cage with the low popula- tion. Only occasionally were any bees observed in the open pollina- tion area.
Fruit set percentage for the cages with high and low bee populations were comparable, Table 1. The cage with no bees had a 22% set and even in the cage treated with in- secticide to eliminate all insects, there was an 8.5%> set.
The yield of harvested fruit was directly related to differences in flower numbers and percent fruit set as would be expected. An inverse relation between fruit set percentage and the number of flowering up- rights with fruit buds for next year's crop was found. If all uprights set fruit in any given year, one could expect a lighter crop the following year because of the short- age of flower buds. A cranberry upright tends to have a biennial bearing habit.
Of the 4 size classes used, the greatest percentage by weight of berries was found to be those with
a diameter of 13-16 mm.. Table 2. The low bee treatment had a higher % wt. of berries with diameters over 16 mm. than the high bee treatment. The size differences may reflect an effect of competition between berries where the greater number of berries were produced. However, the low yield treatment (E) with few berries produced a low % of berries in the large size class. The largest berries contained the highest seed number. Table 2, Within a size class, berries from treatments C, D and E, with the lowest % fruit set, showed fewer seeds than berries taken from treatments with bees. With a low level of competition between berries (poor set) large berries were produced with few seeds but where competition be- tween berries was great, a larger number of seeds was necessary to stimulate large berries. The benefits of pollination for fruit set and for seed set to stimulate fruit develop- ment are evident for with high seed counts the berries are large in spite of competition among fruit on the same upright. Rigby and Dana (4) have recently shown a high correla- tion between seed number and fruit size in the cranberry.
The open poUin^ed flowers were visited by bumblebees as well as honeybees. It was noted that bum- blebees visited more flowers per unit time than did honeybees. The bumblebee collected nectar in a different manner than a honeybee. The bumblebee clasps the flower securely with his feet in such a way that the anther pores and the stigma contact the hairy underside of the abdomen. The mouth parts separate the filaments at their bases as the bee seeks the nectaries. In contrast.
the honeybee lands lightly on the flower and reaches the nectary by forcing the anther ring apart at the distal end. Any pollen is shed on the head of the bee which may never make contact with the stigma of this or another flower. It is possible for a nectar gathering honeybee to make floral visits with- out ever effecting pollination. Un- fortunately, we cannot establish bumblebee colonies and the natural population is often too low for adequate cranberry pollination.
The cage with no bees added and the cage with no bees plus an insecticide application produced fruit sets of 22 and 8.5% re- spectively. These data suggest the importance of insects other than bees in effecting pollination in cranberry. The low fruit set in the insecticide treated plot adds sup- port to the argument that insects are necessary for pollination.
Under caged conditions, 1 colony per acre of honeybees equivalent provided a fruit set percentage comparable to that for bees at 10 colonies per acre equivalent. Satura- tion with a very high bee population was not effective in bringing on 100% set. Other factors than pol- lination must have prevented fruit set in about 40% of the flowers of the high bee population cage.
These results emphasize the im- portance of wild insects in cranberry pollination and confirm the value of honeybees in effecting pollina- tion. The practical problem of finding ways to force the honeybee to visit the cranberry flower re- mains. In this study the cages limited the bees range and forced them onto the cranberry flowers. Without cages and given a free selection of nectar sources the honeybee may not always work actively on cranberries.
Literature Cited
1. Farrar, C. L. and H. F. Bain. 1946. Honeybees as pollinators of the cranberry. Amer. Bee J. 86: 503-504.
2. Fihner, R. S. 1949. Cranberry pollination studies. Proc. Amer.
Cranb. Growers' Assoc. 80th Ann. Conv. p. 14-20.
3. Marucci, P. E. 1967. Cranberry pollination. Amer. Bee. J. 107: 212-213.
4. Rigby, B. and M. N.Dana. 1971. Seed counts and berry volume in cranberry. Hort. Science 6: 495-496.
5. Roberts, R. H. and B. E. Struck- meyer. 1942. Growth and fruit- ing of the cranberry. Proc. Amer, Soc. Hort. Sci, 40: 373-379.
1. Received for publication April 1972. Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, and by the Wisconsin State Department of Agriculture from funds provided by the Wisconsin Cranberry Industry and the Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
2. Research Assistant and Professor, De- partment of Horticulture; USD A Bee Management Investigations Leader and Associate Professor, Department of En- tomology, respectively.
Table 1, Growth and production data for plots with
different populations of Insect pollinators.
1
|
Treatment |
No, of flowers |
No. of fruit |
7. set |
Yield bbl/A |
% rebud. |
|
A, Bees-high |
290 |
169 |
58 |
248 |
2.3 |
|
B. Bees-low |
162 |
95 |
59 |
135 |
6,5 |
|
C. Open pollln* |
375 |
113 |
30 |
160 |
11.2 |
|
D« Bees excluded |
282 |
62 |
22 |
60 |
30.0 |
|
E. Bees excl. + Insecticide |
317 |
27 |
8.5 |
25 |
41.5 |
Table 2. Percentage by weight of berries and average seed counts per berry In several slse classes for 5 pollination treatments.
|
Percentag Size Class |
ie by wt. |
Seeds/berry |
||||||
|
Pollination |
Fruit Slse Class On |
<i^; |
||||||
|
Treatment |
<9 |
9-12 |
13-16 |
>16 |
<9 |
9-12 |
13«16 |
>16 |
|
A. Bees-high |
0.7 |
11 |
75 |
13 |
8.0 |
8.4 |
11.4 |
14.6 |
|
B, Bees-low |
1.0 |
6 |
64 |
29 |
6.4 |
7.1 |
12.8 |
14.1 |
|
C. Open pollln. |
2.2 |
22 |
65 |
10 |
1.5 |
3.8 |
6.1 |
13.0 |
|
D. Bees excluded |
4.7 |
23 |
55 |
18 |
0,6 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
11.5 |
|
E. Bees excl. + Insecticide |
8.0 |
32 |
50 |
10 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
5.0 |
11.1 |
|
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FHE INSTITUTIONAL CONVENIENCE CRANBERRY PACIf
Preliminary Findings on a New Method of Increasing Sales I of Cranberries to the Institutional Market
By J. R. Roth
Instate Promotion & Merchandising Specialist
Wisconsin Department of Agriculture
Premise
The institutional market is rap- idly evolving towards greater utili- zation of convenience portion control packages of staple food items on daily menus. This trend is due to increasing labor costs and desire of food management person- nel to feel more efficiently large masses of people while maintaining quality, variety, nutritional stand- ards and palatability in their menu planning.
Institutional Segment Survey
I. HOSPITALS-University, Metho- dist, Madison General and Veterans Hospital, all in Madison; Wood Vet- erans Hospital in Milwaukee; Mercy Medical Center in Oshkosh; Dieti- tions and food purchasing personnel were interviewed.
II. INDUSTRIAL CAFETERIAS-
Central managers of food services for two major Wisconsin industrial firms in Milwaukee were contacted.
III. DEPARTMENT STORE FOOD SERVICE-The Director of Food Services for nine state stores of one of Milwaukee's major depart- ment store chains was interviewed.
IV. COLLEGES-University of Wis- consin and Milton College; food purchasing directors were inter- viewed.
V. SUPPLIERS-A major dairy and fast foods distributor was contacted.
Recommendation
The cranberry industry and/or processors should research the feasi- bility of developing a portion con-
10
trol convenience pack of jellied cranberry sauce (seedless) for utili- zation in the various segments of the institutional market. My prelim- inary findings upon inquiry about the acceptability of such a product indicate that such a product would have substantial market potential. A brief discussion of my findings is as follows:
Survey Findings
The author's interest in the survey was provoked by his stay in two hospital gastrointestinal wards. The food served gastro pa- tients, particularly on soft, semi- liquid, or liquid diets, is not very palatable after a few days and is characterized by a lack of variety. On all three diets gelatin is a staple food and the patient is served gelatin as many as six times daily.
Many hospitals have gone to a formseal plastic portion control container for gelatin and use this pack for general meals and on snack trays. In discussing this subject with dietitians, I found that they would also be quite receptive to jellied cranberry sauce in the same type of container to substitute for or supplement gelatin. If this type of portion control pack were avail- able, it could be utilized in a wide variety of diets where food intake is quite limited and the problem for the patient is a lack of variety of foods available.
As the substitute for gelatin, everyone I talked to indicated jellied cranberry sauce is highly satisfactory because of its nutritional value. It also may be highly satisfactory on low calorie diets because the strong flavor of cranberries will overwhehn the sometimes undesirable taste of artificial sweeteners currently being used. The biggest potential, how- ever, is with gastro patients where low bulk, easily digestible food is necessary. From a nutritional stand- point, jellied cranberry sauce would be preferred over gelatin. It should be pointed out that patients with severe ulcers probably would not be offered jellied cranberry sauce because of acidity content, but most gastro patients have involve- ment in the intestines and acidic foods such as natural fruit juices are usually allowed on their diets. Patients on general diets could also select portion control packs of jellied cranberry sauce if it were offered on selective daily menus. Some urologists recommend regular intake of cranberries in patients with tendencies towards kidney stones as a preventative measure.
Some of the hospitals do not yet use portion control convenience packages as labor-saving devices, but all verified that this type of package will be even more prevalent in the future, and many are con- sidering going to convenience pack foods as labor costs rise.
The most dramatic discovery I made in my investigation is that
cost is not very important as a deterrent in purchasing foods for hospitals. The nutritional value, palatability, flexibility of use and convenience factors are the main criteria used. Cranberry juice and cranberry-apple juice already have wide acceptance because they meet these criteria.
In talking with the suppHers of the formseal plastic portion control gelatin pack, I found that they have several other markets for this product. Catering services, vending machine suppliers and cafeterias also use this product, and there is probably a good market for jellied cranberry sauce in these same out- lets. The directors of food services for university cafeterias and dining facilities, industrial cafeterias, and department stores all indicated vary- ing degrees of interest in the potential of convenience packed cranberries were such a product available. The main criteria here again is the degree to which various food services have stressed cutting labor costs.
Assuming that portion control convenience pack of jellied cran- berry sauce were developed, mar- keting success would depend on several factors, namely:
1. Size and type of package (form seal seems to be best received).
2. The amount of jellied cran- berry sauce in the package (dietary experts should determine this).
3. Another factor to be con- sidered is offering both naturally sweetened and low calorie packages.
4. The most important factor, I believe, would be gaining proper distribution to the institutional trade once the product is tested and found acceptable. Market seg- mentation and test marketing the product in each segment are neces- sary prerequisites to gaining proper distribution.
Summary
The purpose of this short report is to plant an idea as a seed for cranberry people and their proces- sors to study. I believe that there definitely is a market for cranberries
packaged as I propose. The cost of verifying my cursory study, market development, and marketing such a product in a test market should be minimal. The investment in such a project, I believe, would be small when weighed against the market potential there is in portion control packaged foods. Since cranberries are in surplus supply, I would hope this new market potential would be explored thoroughly. My research has indicated that jellied cranberry sauce could be sold to this market to supplement gelatin, which is widely used in most segments of the institutional market.
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TRANSPORTERS OF FARM LABOR TO BE CHECKED IN NEW JERSEY
Beginning this week, drivers of vehicles transporting day haul and migrant farm workers will be sub- ject to road spot checks across the State, Herbert J. Heibnann, Assist- ant Commissioner for Labor Stan- dards, New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry, announced on June 28.
Heilmarm said inspectors of the Department's Bureau of Migrant Labor and of the State Division of Motor Vehicles will request crew leaders to produce registration pa- pers and make certain that vehicles meet prescribed safety standards.
"Any vehicle found in violation will be immediately taken out of service. Each driver also must pro- duce proof of adequate insurance which is mandatory for transporting work crews," he added.
JJ
J U M E 19 4 7
It is announced by Theodore H. Budd, Sr., of Pemberton, N. J., president Growers' Cranberry Co., that Walter Z. Fort has been chosen to represent the Company in its member contact work.
Several months ago C. D. Ham- mond, Jr., general manager Wiscon- sin Cranberry Sales Company, pre- dicted 500 acres of new marsh would be planted this spring, but now he does not expect this figure will be quite reached, although he does expect the new acreage will be around 400. Weather conditions were against the growers, also other factors entered in, such as the high price of vines and in some cases shortages of labor.
"Food Marketing in New Eng- land, " monthly publication of First National Stores, in a summary of fruit and vegetable dollar value sales for the past year places cran- berries 45 th on the list, with the percentage of 0.11 of total. Blue- berries were 32 with a percentage of 0.51. Bananas were in No. 1 position in dollar value, oranges second, potatoes third (but first in bulk); applies fifth.
An associate county agricultural agent has been named to work with Bertram Tomlinson in Barn- stable County, Cape Cod proper. He is Oscar S. Johnson, a native of the Cape. This appointment should provide opportunity for Mr. Tom- linson to provide even more time to cranberry work than he has in the past, although he has always given extremely valuable and inten- sive attention to cranberry culture in his county.
Opening gun of the 1947 Massa- chusetts Root Grub campaign was fired early, this being a field meet- ing at the State Bog, East Wareham,
12
April 11, called by County Agent "Dick" Beattie. Root Grub is now Bay State insect pest "No. 1," and Dr. Franklin told the growers assembled that if it was not for Root Grub, Massachusetts might harvest an annual 150,000 barrels more.
The new Western Picker which will be in use this harvest season is made entirely of magnesium. Cast Magnesium is one of the lightest metals, being over one-third lighter than cast aluminum, is tough, stiff and strong, can be bent without breaking, and withstands abrasion and corrosion.
"Blossom Weevil on Cultivated Blueberries" is the title of Circular 504 published by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, by C. A. Doehlert and W. E. Tomlinson, Jr., of the Cranberry-Blueberry Station at Pemberton.
The proposal of an impartial "cranberry institute" has been made by C M. Chaney in his an- nual report to American Cranberry Exchange directors. A principal function of such an organization if it should be formed, would be to promote increased use of cran- berries through advertising cam- paigns which would be paid for by all growers.
Wide, modem roadways will give access to individual cranberry bogs in a new area now under development west of the Seven Devils road about seven miles north of Bandon, Oregon, along the coast, where William H. F. Zied- rich of Coquille is clearing land and building roads for new owners of bog land who have their places in the initial stages of construction.
"Del" Hammond, Jr., has also been working upon a new frost warning system for Wisconsin cran- berry growers. He has been visited by Howard Kenney of the United States Weather Bureau, Chicago of- fice, and the Sales company is tak- ing the lead in developing the system, although the whole indus- try is to benefit from it. There is planned as close a system to that used in Massachusetts as possible. It is hoped the new system will be inaugurated for fall frosts.
Dan Rezin, director and vice- president of Wisconsin Cranberry Sales, has purchased a new airplane. He makes two flying directors, the other being Newell Jasperson. Charles L. Lewis of Mid-West Cran- berry Association and his sons have flying licenses, as well as others. A number of Wisconsin marshes now have landing strips be- side them. Growers are becoming pretty air-minded on the whole.
Mr. and Mrs. Elis E. Einarsson have sold their grocery business in Bandon to Mr. and Mrs. George Wolverton and are preparing to de- vote their entire time to the con- struction of a new cranberry bog in the Prosper district.
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NOVA SCOTIA
Plant growth during the past month has been excellent and nearly all of the vegetation is up to the average stage of development for this date.
A Ught frost occurred on May 12 and we have had timely rains.
Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Balcom have recently returned from a trip to Wisconsin and while in that State they visited Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Goldsworthy. Dr. R. Stark of the Kentville Station visited Eagle River at the same time and reports a warm welcome.
WISCONSIN
Sunny and dry summer weather moved into Wisconsin early in the
week of the 14th and stayed through the weekend. Temperatures warmed into the upper 80's or low 90's during the afternoon while night- time minima generally did not drop below 50 late in the week. Rainfall, for all practical purposes, was nearly non-existent, though a few scattered showers did occur in the east on the 15th, west on the 17th, and northwest on the 20th. The very intense sunshine and accompany- ing moderate humidities and weak winds have caused extremely rapid warming of the previously cold soils and lake waters.
The period of hot and dry weather extended through most of the week of the 21st until showers overspread the State in advance of colder weather on Sunday. This brought to an end a twelve-day period of summerlike weather which saw the mercury reach into the upper 80's or low 90's for high temperatures throughout the State with night-time minima generally in the 50's.
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Some rain fell in western Wiscon- sin on several days earlier in the week as widespread shower activity moved northward through Iowa and Minnesota. It was not until Sunday, though, that more widespread rain moved across Wisconsin with more falling on Monday and Tuesday after the period ended.
Temperatures for the week of May 28 averaged near normal with cooler than normal weather early in the period balanced by quite warm weather during the latter part. Near freezing temperatures occurred in many areas early on the 31st. In contrast, new record high tempera- tures for the date, in the low 90's, were set in southern portions on the afternoon of June 3.
The week's rainfall fell mainly on May 29 and again over the weekend. Eastern counties benefitted from the showers late in the period. Some hail and strong winds accompanied these showers locally.
"new JERSEY
The trend of wet, cool weather prevalent this spring continued through May. The month was wetter and cooler than normal. The average temperature was 61.10 F or 1.10 below normal. Rainfall totalled 5.57
Continued on Page 14
Farm Credit Service
Box 7, Taunton, Mass. 02781 Tel. 617 824-7578
PRODUCTION CREDIT LOANS LAND BANK MORTGAGES
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13
1 NEWS
inches, which is 2.02 inches above the average for May.
An unusual wet spell throughout the blossoming period of the early varieties of blueberries caused heavy losses. During the peak of bloom of the important Weymouth variety, there was a very wet period during which rain occurred on 9 of 12 days. The bushes remained wet almost constantly and this created favorable conditions for fungus diseases, mainly botrytis and the mummy berry. The result for many growers was the loss of more than half of the crop potential of early varieties.
Frosts added to the destruction of the blueberry crop and caused an appreciable loss of cranberries. Temperatures in the low 20' s were reported on a few bogs on the mornings of May 27 and May 28. At the weather shelter at New Lis- bon the readings were 35° and 34° which are the lowest ever recorded on these dates in 44 years. These low temperatures came close to the one which caused the most destruc- tive frost damage to blueberries in New Jersey. This occurred on May 25, 1956, when the shelter tempera- ture was 30° and some blueberry fields recorded 18°.
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Bogs Need Bees
Cranberry bloom is starting now and it is getting close to the time that bee hives will be rented by growers. As is usual, local bogs vary in their stage of flower development with some days ahead of others in this respect. Consequently, the ac- tual date of placing hives near bogs will tend to vary according to the stage of individual bog bloom. Rec- ommendations from Azmi Shawa in his latest Cranberry Vine grower's newsletter call for placement of
14
hives at 20 to 25 percent bloom "so as to reduce the chance of bees foraging elsewhere." Unfortunately, it isn't always possible to achieve this ideal timing due to beekeepers' time schedules and the variability of bogs in bloom development. However, if hive placement is held up until at least some bloom is ready then the prospects for rented bees working the cranberry flowers are greatly improved.
The beekeepers who are renting hives to cranberry growers this year are aware of the need for some bloom to be present on bogs before hives are placed. Both were in the Bandon area last week checking on vine growth and grower orders, and they assured me then that they will be ready to start delivering bees when the bloom is ready. If any growers still would like to order bees or want to check on delivery dates they should contact Mr. El-
vin E. Burns, 5300 Upper River Road, Grants Pass, Oregon 97526 or phone 479-3491.
GYPSY MOTH SPRAYING COMPLETE
The 1972 cooperative gypsy moth spray program was completed by the end of June in New Jersey, and early indications are that there was an excellent reduction of gypsy moth in the areas treated, according to Robert C. Fringer, Principal bio- logist, N. J. Dept. of Agriculture, who directed the program this year.
In all, about 49,000 acres of forested, residential and recreational lands were sprayed with Sevin-4-oil in an attempt to reduce the damage caused by this Number 1 pest of eastern forests.
• GASOLINE
• MOTOR OILS
• LUBRICANTS
• KEROSENE
• SOLVENT
• FUEL OILS
• PROPANE GAS
• BULK and CYLINDER GAS SERVICE
• PROPANE CARBURETION INSTALLED -SERVICED
Telephone:
Area Code 617 585-6511
No change in minimum wage for farm workers in Massachusetts this year. Figure remains at $1.60 per hour for those over 18 years old (who have passed their 18th birth- day.) Those under 18 remain ex- empt from minimum, except on a farm which employs enough people to total 500 man days per quarter. Here, the minimum wage (for those under 18) is $ 1 .30 per hour.
Good advice from Commissioner Chandler for fruit and vegetable growers who are having trouble with slow payments from their handlers at the market; this long delay can be avoided under the Perishable Agricultural Conmiodities Act. It's up to you . . . the grower to notify the buyer that you expect prompt payment. Producers need to notify buyers that they expect payment within 10 days after the date on which the produce is accepted, or if diverted, 10 days after produce arrives at ultimate destination. Tell the buyer your terms, and have an agreement with him on payment. This will avoid misunderstanding
over just when you were due to be paid.
Questions about O.S.H.A.-Oc- cupational Safety and Health Act- keep coming into your Farm Bureau office. From time to time, we'll print an answer to one of these which pops up frequently. Like: Do I as a farmer report my own per- sonal injuries or illnesses? Answer: NO. Only the injuries or illnesses of your employees which are work-re- lated should be reported.
Opportunity for chauffeur, main- tenance man has also been reported to the Farm Bureau office in Wal- tham. A lady is looking-for a man to chauffeur, maintain grounds and do general work. He would have a 6-roorn house with two baths and all utilities furnished plus $500 per month. No small children. If you are interested, you may call em- ployer Collect at (617) 668-0380.
a desire to "do almost any kind of work, learning about the operation of a farm." She is single, 24 years old and will provide references. If you would be willing to consider her for employment, please contact the Farm Bureau office in Waltham for particulars. Phone us at (617) 893-2600.
Ross Frair of Farm Family was really putting out the fires during the month of May this year. We understand Ross arranged for fire protection coverage for a huge num- ber of Farm Bureau families this May. Nice going, Ross!
AFBF President Kuhfuss favors the sale of farm and industrial prod- ucts to the Soviet Union providing the transactions are on a cash basis and are consistent with our national security. Speaking recently, Kuh- fuss said he saw exciting new oppor- tunities for farm products export-
ing, especially feed grains, to Russia A young lady from the city is " and eastern Europe, looking for a job on a farm this
summer. In her letter, she expresses
NIEMI ELECTRIC CO.
Wareham, Mass. Electrical Contracting - 295-1880
Insure against electrical failures by obtaining proper design and installation of your electrical equipment and requirements.
ROBERT NIEMI ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free Estimates
Ken Stahl of Channel 5 in Bos- ton is now appearing on the "Eye- opener News" show each Monday- Wednesday-Friday between 7 and 7:30 A.M. Ken is one of our state's great supporters of agriculture, and we wish him much luck-and lots more exposure on TV!
This weather is really somethin' isn't it? If you're having a serious problem with your crop because of a '.particularly bad situation where you live, we'd like to know about it. We'd appreciate a brief note from you on what's happening, so that we can assemble an overall look at our state's agriculture, and the ef- fect of cool, wet weather on it. In writing, please, no phone calls.
The tragic death of Charles Peck, 11-year-old son of Mr. and Mrs.
Continued on Page 20
15
ofeiru3ii^y
These people need your help.
HORACE H. ADAMS
Horace H. Adams, 78, of Main St., Chatsworth, N. J., died recently in the Burlington County Memorial Hospital, Mount Holly. He was born in Woodmansie and lived in the Chatsworth area all his life. He was a retired blueberry grower. He was a member of the Chatsworth Meth- odist Church and Chatsworth Fire Co.
He is survived by three sisters, Mrs. James H. Scott of New Lisbon; Mrs. Jessie Nardin of Bricktown; and Mrs. Eva Stevenson of Chats- worth; and a brother, Caleb Adams of Chatsworth.
You may have seen them before. You'll see these ads often this year in national media space contributed to the cause of traffic safety.
They'r/trying to keep your employees alive and healthy. By encouraging them to use safety belts, both in their private driving and on the job for you.
But they can't succeed all by them- selves. And that's where you come in.
You can encourage every one of your employees to use safety belts regularly. Wain about the lethal danger of making excuses. Remind them that 7000 people died last year because they weren't wearing safety belts when they ran into trouble.
If you do your part, you'll be helping your employees stay alive and well. And on the job for you.
If you don't . . . what's your excuse?
cranberry growers
If
For just $2.50 per acre plus the price of material applied, I am available for the custom application of insecticides and fungicides through your sprinkler system. Compare these features:
1 . No extra charge for fungicide applications when com- bined.
2. No waiting for fog to lift-I can work all night if necessary.
3. Spray is released near the crop for the most effective results.
4. All billing done in September.
I am licensed by the Department of Public Health for this service.
CALL: BOB ALBERGHINI
WAR EH AM, MASS. 295-9092
If no answer call Jack Morey's Cabinet Shop collect
Plymouth 746-2734
Iheiale Mice CammtMOk beloved father of three, thought safety belts were for kkk.
Advertising contributed for the public goo
16
»rlng
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
By H. F. MccoLLY, Mich. State Univ. and J. w. MARTIN, Univ. of Idaho 553 pages, 6x9, 335 illus., $9.50
Explains the importance of engineering in agriculture and the relationship of agricultural engineering to agricultural science. Both the fundamentals and the practical aspects of these topics are fully treated. The contents of this volume include Agricul- ural Mechanics . . . Farm Power . . . Fa?m Machinery . . . Process- ing Agricultural Products . . . Farm Structures and Conveniences . . . Farm-buildings Investment and Economics . . . Soil- and A'ater-conservation Engineering . . . Soil Erosion Control . . . and nany other vital topics.
IRRIGATED SOILS, 2nd ED. Their Fertility and Management
By D. w. THORNE and h. b. peterson
Both of Utah State Agr. College 392 pages, 78 illus., 64 tables, $9.50
Here is an outstanding text which pioneered in presenting irrigation in relation to other soil management practices. Since the publication of the first edition, research has shown that maximum yields from irrigation are dependent on the proper salance of such factors as fertility, plant population, plant :haracteristics, and crop rotations. Just a sample of the contents :A this guide, includes the salt problem, measuring irrigation water, maintaining organic matter, fertilizer eleihents, sources and quality of irrigation water.
DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS
By harry warren anderson Formerly of Univ. of Illinois
501 pages, 6x9, $13.75
For research workers, teachers, and practicing horticulturists, this book provides detailed information on the diseases of ;ultivated fruit crops in the temperate zone, both in America ind in foreign countries, with the exception of citrus and sub- ropical fruits. For each disease the history, geographic distri- jution, symptoms, causal organism, hosts, morphology of the Pathogen, disease cycle, and control, and selected reference iources are given. Diseases are presented in the order of their Importance.
Agricultural Engln< Agronomy Horticulture Plant PatHology
WEED CONTROL, 3rd ED.
By ALDEN s. CRAFTS, Univ. of California
and WILFRED w. robbins, formerly of Univ. of California
671 pages, 6x9, 171 iUus., $15.50
Based on a physiological approach, this text and mandal poses the problem of weeds in agricultural production, describes some of our most serious weed pests, introduces the principles of modern weed control, and tabulates present day chemical meth- ods. It classifies weed control methods on the basis of their mechanisms rather than upon the crops to be treated. This guide also includes recent innovations in chemicalized control and reviews current literature in the field. Contents include biological control of weeds, herbicides— selective and non-selective, tillage methods of weed control, special weed problems, and scores of other subjects.
SMALL FRUIT CULTURE, 3rd ED.
By JAMES s. shoemaker, Univ. of Fla. 433 pages, 6 x 9, 64 illus., $10.50
Covers the culture of grapes, strawberries, bramble-fruits, cur- rants and gooseberries, blueberries, and cranberries. The author discusses culture problems for each region. Everything you need to know is included for each type of fruit: brief history, list and description of leading varieties, propagation methods, and all other cultural instructions. This comprehensive guide also gives you valuable instructions and suggestions for harvesting and handling your crop. Throughout, the author emphasizes the practical applications of digging, planting, spraying, and other field work.
NATURE AND PREVENTION OF PLANT DISEASES, 2nd ED.
By K. STARR CHESTER, Alton Box Board Co. 525pages, 224 illus., $11.50
This useful guide presents a thorough study of plant diseases oriented to the needs of agriculture. Extensive revisions of seed treatment and spraying and dusting of fruits and vegetables are included in this second edition. You'll also find complete covep^ age of ^ the latest developments in disease control practices, including the slurry, pelleting, and vapor-heat methods of seed treatment. You'll also review the latest advances in non-metallic organic fungicides,, and innovations in methods of spraying and dusting.
PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2nd ED.
By JOHN c. WALTER, Univ. of IV is. 707 pages, 6 x 9, 194 illus., $13.50
Here is a basic introduction to tiie field of plant pathology written by an authority in the field. Its contents include a history of plant pathology, nonparasitic diseases . . . bacterial diseases . . . virus diseases . . . relation of environment to disease development . . . disease control through exclusion and eradication . . . diseases incited by phycomycetes, fungi imperfecti, asomycetes, basidio- mycetes, phanerogamic parasites, nematodes, plasmodiophorales . . . disease control through protection and through host resist- ance. Special coverage of causal organisms of fungus diseases is provided.
Order From
CRANBERRIES MAGAZINE
P.O. Box J, Kingston, Mass. 02364
17
Desserts in their infinite variety offer the creative cook limitless opportunities to finish every meal with a flourish. Those shown here are all made with versatile fresh cranberries.
Minced Cranberry Pie is a recipe of distinction, one you will want to repeat often and per- haps present to a special friend or neighbor. For more elegant or gala occasions, it would be hard to beat Cranberry Baked Alaska or the lovely Frosted Cranberry Cake Roll.
18
MINCED CRANBERRY PIE
(Makes 1, 9-inch pie)
3 cups Ocean Spray fresh cranberry,
rinsed and drained 2 cups chopped tart apples 1/4 cup currants 1/2 cup raisins 1/4 cup chopped suet 1/4 cup finely cut citron 1 tablespoon grated orange rind 1/4 cup molasses IV* cups sugar 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon 1/2 teaspoon mace 1/2 teaspoon ground cloves 1/4 teaspoon salt 1/2 cup cider
1/3 cup dark rum, if desired Pastry for double-crust, 9-inch pie
In saucepan combine cranberries, apples, currants, raisins, suet, citron, orange rind, molasses, sugar, spices, salt and cider. Bring to a simmer, cover and simmer 30 minutes. Cool. Add rum and mix well.
Line 9-inch pie pan with half the pastry. Pour in cranbeny filling and cover with top crust. Flute edge and cut several slits in top crust. Place a 2-inch strip of foil around rim of pie to prevent overbrown- ing. Bake pie on lowest shelf in hot oven (425» F.) 50 to 55 minutes. Remove foil last 5 minutes. Serve warm.
CRANBERRY BAKED ALASKA
(Makes 10 to 12 servings)
1 package (18^ ounces) yellow cake mix
1 cup Ocean Spray fresh or frozen fresh
cranberries, chopped 1/4 cup sugar
1 can (13 ounces) evaporated skim milk 2-1/3 cups heavy cream 4 egg yolks 3/4 cup sugar 1 teaspoons vanilla extract 4 egg whites 3/4 cup sugar Frosted cranberries (optional)
Make and bake cake mix as label directs using 9-inch square pan. Cool and remove from pan. Mix cranberries with sugar; place in freezer. Combine skim milk, cream, egg yolks, sugar and vanilla; beat until sugar is dissolved. Pour mixture into freezer container and freeze until mix- ture is half frozen. Scrape this ice cream into bowl and beat with an electric mixer until double in volume. Fold in cranberry mixture; pour into 9-inch square pan. Cover and freeze. When ready to assem- ble Alaska unmold ice cream and place on top of the cake square cut level on top. Place cake topped with ice cream on wooden board or heatproof platter. Replace in freezer. Beat egg whites until stiff. Gradually beat in sugar, 1 table- spoon at a time, until mixture is stiff and glossy. Remove Alaska from freezer. Spread sides and top of cake and ice cream completely with meringue, sealing all edges. Bake in a preheated moderately hot oven (400° F.) for 5 to 6 minutes or until lightly browned. Garnish with fros- ted cranberries, if desired. Cut into slices and serve at once.
COSTS SLASHED FOR COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL FOGGING WITH PROVEN CSfSECTICIDE NOW AVAILABLE [N "AUTOMATIC DISPENSER"
A giant step forward in the con- tinuing war against insect pests has been made possible by radical new type of automatic dispenser which dramatically slashes costs, A power- ful non-toxic insecticide just intro- duced in a new "One Shot" dis- penser permits fogging of large areas in just a few minutes— without a single person or spraying equipment needed!
Two sizes of the Fumol "One Shot" insecticide are available: a 15 oz. unit can fog an area 11,000 cubic feet in five minutes. The 6 oz. container fogs a work area of 5 ,000 cubic feet in but two minutes. All that is required is to close off win- dows and doors, set the patented clip on the "One Shot" and the spray goes to work on roaches and waterbugs, silverfish, spiders, flies, gnats and other insect pests. Area should be left closed for half an hour, then may be ventilated and is ready for immediate use. The unit can also be used as a regular type aerosol dispenser.
"One Shot" is specially designed for food and meat processing plants, breweries and soft drink operations, silos, bakeries, trucks, railroad cars and locker room areas, plus where- ever food is served: restaurants, bars and fast food units, where its economy of operation, effective formula and operating speed make it far superior to ordinary institu- tional insecticides. The Fumol "One Shot" is approved by the U.S. En- vironmental Protection Administra- tion. Details available from Fumol Corporation, 49-65 Van Dam Street, Long Island City, N. Y. 1 1 101.
CRANBERRIES...
the on
GROWER magazine
j^.]kln
'.'■^M^^^i
WANTED TO BUY 2 WESTERN PICKERS
C. E. Morse Tel. Evenings 695-9612
19
15% CROP DROP PREDICTED IN WISCONSIN
There will be approximately a 15 percent drop in cranberry prod- uction this year according to Ver- non Goldsworthy, president of Cranberry Products, Inc. of Eagle River. "However this drop in prod- uction will not raise the prices on any cranberry products," said Golds- worthy.
The reason for the drop in prod- uction is the late start in the grow- ing season in the cranberry marshes, due to the poor spring weather. The crop is between two and three weeks late in getting started. Goldsworthy said that "the crop would probably produce as many cranberries as in past summers but the berries would be smaller because of the late start."
The unusual weather has created other problems for the cranberry growers. Herbicides are usually used on a wide scale in the production of cranberries. However, this spring was too cold to apply the herbi- cides and now that the warm weather has hit, it's too late to ap- ply them. The herbicides must be applied in the dormant stage. Now that the berries are starting to grow the herbicides can't be used without harming the plants.
According to Goldsworthy there is stUl a sizeable amount of ice and frost in the marshes and this ice will have to be broken up before irriga- tion pipes can be laid. However,
Goldsworthy said that this is of no major concern to the growers.
Winter snow conditions also caused from two to three percent of cranberry vines to be destroyed. There is a federal law prohibiting the growing of new cranberry marshes which has been in effect between four and five years, so these vines will not be able to be replaced. Goldsworthy showed no concern about the damage, saying that production would not be hurt by the loss.
Goldsworthy looked for the 1972 year to be another good one for cranberry sales even with the drop in production. "This and the fact that prices would remain steady will be made possible because the 1971 year produced a very big crop, and there are still berries available from that crop." He felt that the biggest increase in sales would be in juices which has continued to climb rap- idly in the past several years.
CRANBERRY MARKETING COMMITTEE MEETS
At the last meeting of the Cran- berry Marketing Committee, Rich- ard Indermuehle was voted in as independent representative from Wisconsin, and Charles Goldsworthy alternate. A vote was also taken to feel out the sentiment on abolishing the Marketing Order. On the inde- pendent vote there was 24 voting in favor of abolishment and only one against it.
MISCELLANEOUS
WISCONSIN
NOTES
Quite a lot of frost damage oc- curred in Wisconsin where the sprinklers did not reach the outside edges when the temperature went down as low as 15° in northern Wis- consin.
In addition there was quite a lot of winter injury from the heavy snows which resulted in smothering the vines, but in general the Wis- consin prospects should be about the same as last year, as there is new acreage coming in that was planted when the growers rushed to plant what they could before the Marketing Order became effective.
FARM BUREAU
Continued from Page 15
Marvin Peck of the Franklin County Farm Bureau is noted with deep sorrow. Members and friends may send contributions to the Charles M. Peck Memorial, c/o Fred B. Dole, Shelburne, Massachusetts.
(Wisconsin-Michigan Growers)
ALUMINUM HEADGATES FABRICATED
TO YOUR SPECIFICATIONS
HAND WHEEL OPERATED GATES
ALUMINUM CORRUGATED PIPE
INTERNATIONAL POWER UNITS
INTERNATIONAL CRAWLER TRACTORS
WARNER & SWASEY EXCAVATORS
WALDON LOADERS AND USED EQUIPMENT
Eau Claire, Wis. 715-835-5157 Madison, Wis. 608-222-4151
Escanaba, Mich. 906-786-6920 Green Bay, Wis. 414-435-6639
Milwaukee, Wis. 414-461-5440 Ironwood, Mich. 906-932-0222
20
1 1 INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY
WANTED
Cranberry research needs back numbers of this magazine as follows:
1936
SEP, NOV, DEC
1937
JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY
JUNE, JULY, AUG, NOV
1938
MAR, MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUG
1958
OCT
Some exchange copies available
PLEASE WRITE:
Dr. G. W. Eaton
Dept. of Plant Science
University of B. C.
Vancouver 8, Canada
% sefiiiM llw WBCOHSIH urowcrs %
CRANBERRY VINES FOR SALE
For Delivery in 1973
SEARLES, JUMBO, HOWES
McFARLIN $300/ton
BEN LEAKS 750/ton
STEVENS 1,000/ton
LeMUNYON 1,000/ton
PILGRIMS 2,000/ton
All prices F.O.B. Wisconsin
I will give a 10% discount on any orders placed for vines next year.
o-o-o
Interested in purchasing Wis- consin Cranbeny Properties.
Vernon Goldsworthy
B.S. & M.S. University of Wisconsin Cranberry Consultant
Fees Reasonable Eagle River, Wis. 54521
CORRUGATED
CULVERT PIPE
and
FLOW GATES
Aluminum — Galvenizcd Asphalt Coated
Felker Bros. Mfg. Co.
MARSHFIELD WISCONSIN Area 715 384-3121
AGWAY COMPLETE BUILDING SERVICE
GENERAL PURPOSE BUILDINGS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
AGWAY COMMERCIAL SALES
Robert Broadbent, Sales Manager
LAKESIDE AVENUE
LAKEVILLE, MASS. 02346
Tel. 947-6324 - 4372
Use Agway's Telmark Financing Service
Financing or Leasing Agway Erected Buildings
WRITE OR CALL FOR INFORMATION AND PRICING
please
Mention
ERR^^l
cRANit.A;«---*
When
Yoo Answer
WISCONSIN HEADQUARTERS FOR
INSECTICIDES • FUNGICIDES
HERBICIDES
DUSTS • WETTABLE POWDERS • EMULSIONS
SEVIN • PARATHION • GUTHION
CAPTAN • FERBAM • COPPER SULFATE
DITHANE M-22 (MANEB) • DIFOLATAN
PRINCEP • MOR-CRAN • DIQUAT • 2,4-D
Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co.
p. O. BOX 584 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701 Phone: Area Code 608-222-0624
A lot of people wouldn^t knov what these were if we didn^t pu an Ocean Spray label on them.
You know how most people buy cranberries these days? In cans and bottles and jars* Jellied and frozen and squeezed*
Many of them wouldn't recognize a whole, fresh cran- berry if they saw one*
So how do they know what to buy? They look for the Ocean Spray label.
To millions of people, Ocean Spray means cranberries.
They're buying more cranberry products than ever. Many they never heard of a couple of years ago.
But they know the name. And they know what it stands for.
You don't get a reputation like that overnight.
Ocean spray,
Z'^.
^V<U^
Massachusetts
Ne\A/ Jersey
\A/isconsin
Oregon
^ \A/ashington
Canada
y
LIBRARY
AUG 11972
mNBERRIES
THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE
VOL, 31 ^3
CV}^
x^
LEGISLATOR'S TOUR 6
SURFACE WATER QUALITY 8
MASS. FARM BUREAU 20
o
DR. ROBERT DEVLIN ADDRESSING LEGISLATORS -^lEage 6 ™.
CD
•—J
CO CO
LIBRARY - SCBI UNIV OF WASS AMHERST MAS$
H — --— aa^
ALS SE 01003
-^ BIBECTflBY (DP cranliepry growers -^
Complete Line of Pesticides and Fertilizers
Helicopter Application
By "Whitey" of Plymouth
Copters, Inc.
HARRY T. FISHER, JR.
Agric. Chemical Representative
Purchase St. AAiddleboro, Mass. Telephone 947-2133
Cranberries Advertising Pays Big Dividends
Electricity - l(ey to progress
In industry as well as the home, electricity has been a vital key to progress. It is now and will continue to be in the future, readily available wherever and whenever it Is needed.
NEW BEDFORD GAS AND EDISON LIGHT COMPANY
PLYMOUTH DIVISION
PLYMOUTH, MASS.
EQUIPMENT
HAYDEN
- SEPARATOR - WAREHAM, MASS.
Irrigation Systems PUINPS
SEPARATORS - BLOWERS SCREENHOUSE EQUIPMENT
DARLINGTON PICKING MACHINES
^ »Sr^S»S»^S»vr<S».»<S»^.»^^^.#N»^#'»»»»»^#«» J
The National Bank of Wareham
Conveniently located for Cranberry Men
FUNDS ALWAYS AVAILABLE FOR SOUND LOANS
COMPLETE BANKING SERVICE
Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
The [
CHARLES W.HARRIS^ Company
451 Old Somerset Avenue
North Dighton, Mass.
Phone 824-5607
AMES
Irrigation Systems
RAIN BIRD
Sprinklers
HALE-MARLOW
Pumps
Highest Quality Products
with Satisfaction Guaranteed
THERMOMETER GETS 'COOLED'
The heat even got to the therm- ometer at the weather station at the Coastal Washington Research and Extension Unit on July 3.
Personnel at the station reported a temperature of 87 at noon, only to find an 83 at about 1 :30 P.M.
Only then was it realized that the weather box had its own auto- matic cooler system.
The weather box has been sitting in the middle of a cranberry bog at the station, and extension personnel had rigged the sprinkler system so that it would automatically start watering the bogs when tempera- tures in the air reached 85 degrees. The box sits low enough to get wet.
Station personnel said a weather station would be established immed- iately in an area not affected by the sprinkler.
The sprinkler system has been in operation for about 10 years, but is not thought to have affected the weather reports often because of
the relatively few times the therm- ometer has even reached 85 degrees on the peninsula.
The temperature at Astoria re- ported by the National Weather Service was 89.
BRATENG APPOINTED TO NATIONAL UNIT
Norman I. Brateng of Long Beach, Washington has been named to the Cranberry Marketing Com- mittee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The USDA's Agricultural Mar- keting Service said the committee administers the federal marketing agreement and order for cranberries grown in Massachusetts, Rhode Is- land, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wis- consin, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Oregon and Washington.
One of the committee's main functions is to investigate supply and demand conditions and recom- mend to the Secretary of Agricul- ture the total quantity of cranberries which may be handled in normal marketing channels.
DIV. NORTH CARVER PINE CORP.
52 FULLER STREET MIDDLEBORO, MASS. 02346
SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND'S
MOST MODERN SAW MILL
Purchasing white pine timber standing or cut logs.
Call us, and we'll be glad to talk it over with you.
IVIill location Route 44, Middleboro-Carver Town Line.
WUlard A. Rhodes President
MAIN OFFICE 947-1503 Off. Hours 8:30 A.M. - 2:30 P.M.
SYNFLEX "1000" SPRAY HOSE FROM SAMUEL MOORE
Synflex "1000" spray hose, new from Samuel Moore and Company, is designed for general purpose ap- plications at higher working and burst pressures (working: 1000 psi; burst; 4000 psi).
Available in 300 ft. lengths, the green-colored hose is 3/4 in. LD. and has a minimum bend radius of 7 ins. It remains flexible at temperatures ranging from 0°F to 130°F.
Synflex "1000" spray hose has been tested for compatibility with
Continued on Page 20
|
FOR SALE |
|
|
800 Picking Boxes @30^ |
$240. |
|
Bailey Separator with Blower & Engine |
100. |
|
U-9 Int. Har. Power Unit V Pulleys & Belts |
700. |
|
Carlson 16' 1-man Bridge |
60. |
|
Fairbanks Platform Scales 25. Tel. 617-477-1247 |
< "»»^»**»*»##^»»»#^^
WISCONSIN
SUMMER
MEETING
The summer cranberry field day is scheduled for August 17, 1972 at the Jacob Searles Cranberry Co., Rt. 3, Wisconsin Rap- ids, 54494 (Don Duckart). More complete program details will be announced later.
y^^e/wumt'
NOW . . . YOU CAN SAVE MONEY WITH LARCHMONT IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY . . .
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• LOADS 100 BARRELS IN 15 MINS.
• NO DAMAGE TO CRANBERRIES
• NON-CLOGGING PERFORMANCE
• NO INTERNAL OBSTRUCTIONS
• DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS SERVICE
IMPELLER IS RECESSED AWAY FROM WATER PATH
QUICK COUPLE RISER VALVES
• NO WRENCHES
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4" TAPPED INSERT COUPLING
• ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR BRASS SADDLES
• HOLDS PLASTIC PIPE TOGETHER BETTER WITH LONGER AND DEEPER SERRATIONS
COMPLETE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS - QUOTATIONS ON REQUEST
CONTACT
BILL STEARNS
99 WARREN AVENUE
PLYMOUTH, MASS.
746-2610
2
LARCHMONT ENGINEERING
CONTACT
LARCHMONT ENGINEERING
PHIL TROPEANO
LEXINGTON, MASS.
862-2550
Mass.
Cranberry
Station
S Field Notes
by IRVING E. DEMORAIMVILLE extension cranberry specialist
Personals
Dr. Chester Cross and his wife, Shirley, returned from a five-week trip to Nepal on June 7. One of his "irst observations was, "How for- tunate we are to be able to take our drinking water for granted; just turn I faucet and there it is, fresh and inpoUuted, not needing to be boiled )efore drinking." Chet lost 23 jounds on the trip-guess the yak nilk didn't agree with him.
Dr. Robert Yaklich has left the Nation to begin work for the U.S. ).A. in BeltsvUle, Md. He will be vorking on some phase of herbicide esearch. Bob worked for Dr. Devlin •n herbicide uptake by plants for bout two years. We wish him well 1 his new job.
Prof. Stan Norton attended the nnual meeting of the American ociety of Ag. Engineers in Hot prings, Arkansas from June 24 to uly 3.
Frost
There were a total of eight warn- igs released during the spring of 972. This compares with 10 in 971, 16 in 1970, 25 in 1969 and 1 in 1968. Frost damage is gen- rally considered to be on the heavy de, probably 10 percent or more, his is the greatest frost loss since 961. The night of May 25-26 was le damaging one with temperatures Jnerally between 19 to 28 degrees id getting down soon after dark; owever, the night of June 1 1 gave
a range of from 23 to 30 degrees hich is unusual for so* late in the )ring; very little damage from this awever. We are again indebted to le weather observers, telephone stributors, radio stations and the
U.S. Weather Bureau personnel for the important part they play in this service which is sponsored by the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Asso- ciation.
Annual Meeting
The 85 th annual meeting of the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Asso- ciation will be held on Tuesday, August 22 at the Cranberry Station, beginning at 10 A.M. The program is complete at this time and will in- clude equipment and machinery dis- plays and exhibits, a guided tour of the State Bog and the various re- search plots and a chicken barbeque at lunch. After lunch there will be a business meeting, committee re- ports, a guest speaker and the crop forecast by Mr. Byron S. Peterson of the Crop Reporting Service.
Weather
June followed the pattern of our spring months and was cool and wet. The temperature averaged one degree a day below normal. Maxi- mum temperature was 81° on the 29th and minimum 40° on the 12th. Warmer than average days occurred on the 21st and 28-29th. Cooler than average days were the 1st, 10-1 1th and 17-19th.
Rainfall was very heavy, totalling 8.83 inches. This is over S^h inches above normal for the month. There were 16 days with measurable pre- cipitation with the largest storm dropping 2.32 inches on the 19th. Even with all this rain, we did not set a record. This was the second
Continued on Next Page
^r5c=«ncaEicac3r5Ea&ciricsEiriEicacaEacscacacacica^
R. F. MORSE & SON, Inc.
Serving Agriculture
Helicopter Application Division
CHEMAPCO, INC.
Cranberry Highway
West Wareham, Mass.
295-1553
3
wettest, the record being 9,65 inches in June, 1938. We are now 10 1/3 inches above normal for the first half of 1972 and 12 3/4 inches ahead of 1971 for the same period.
Crop Prospects
From reports and observations it appears that the bloom is spotty this year. While there are sections or even entire bogs with a heavy bloom, the bulk of the bogs appear to have only a top bloom or in cases of severe frost injury or water damage, none at all. Winterkill in- jury does not seem to be a factor this year, generally light and of a windburn nature. Oxygen deficiency injury is more prevalent than for several years and has hurt some bogs badly. The bad frost on May 25-26 mentioned earlier has taken a big bite of the potential crop and the excessive rains in late June caused some flooding which has resulted in water damage. Bees are working hard and the flowers are setting fairly well even though the weather during blossoming hasn't been as good as the past few years. It would appear that our crop will not match
either 1971 or 1970, possibly the size of the 1969 crop or a little better.
We want to urge growers to co- operate with the New England Crop Reporting Service and send their crop estimates in August to Mr. B. S. Peterson. A large number of re- ports makes a more accurate esti- mate possible and adds to the value of this service.
Insects and Weeds
The first fruitworm moth was caught in Prof. Tomlinson's black light trap on the evening of June 7 which is one day earlier than 1971 and two days earlier than 1970. Moth flights have been slow to reach peak proportions due to cool night time temperatures which means late egg laying again tliis year.
Girdler moths have been flying in large numbers and this means trouble later in the summer. Bill Tomlinson advises that the diazinon treatjnents listed on the Insect Con- trol Chart give good control of the girdler worms. The granular formu- lation is better than the liquid or
wettable powder. This treatment should be applied about July 20 or shortly after when most of the bloom is gone.
Bogs infected with fairy ring disease will show the effects to a greater extent when the bog is dry. Affected areas should be fertilized and kept moist to minimize the damage and then treated with fer- bam after haryest as recommended on the Insect and Disease Control Chart.
Dalapon may be used until the end of July for treating ditch weeds or poverty and switch grasses on shores. Shores and dikes may be sprayed with a solution of silvex and water to control broad leaved weeds; this is especially good on poison ivy. Salt solution, one pound of salt to a gallon of water apphed^ as a fine spray at not over 200 gal-. Ions per acre, wUl burn off wild! bean and other tender weeds. Sul- fate of ammonia or nitrate of soda! at about 3 to 4 pounds per squarei rod applied to patches of haircap moss will burn it and give weak' vines in these spots a real boost. '
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Dealing EXCLUSIVELY in Massachusetts
cranberry acreage and upland. Listings
of buyers and sellers welcomed.
Tel. 295-9165
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DOUGLAS R. BEATON
2536 Cranberry Highway
Wareham, Mass. 02571
Mass. Real Estate Brokers License #73365
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NEW JERSEY
Blueberry fruitworm adults an now on the wing in blueberry fields Malathion is the only material t< use. This material should be apphec every 10 days at the rate recom mended on the label. A spreade sticker will make the spray mor effective.
Phil Marucci reports that weathe has been very favorable for th cranberry rot disease. Growers ar reminded to spray every 10-14 day to control this disease.
CRANBERRIES
THE NA TIONAL CRANBERR Y MAGAZINE - Our 35th Year of Publication -
publisher
I. STANLEY COBB
B
Issue of July 1972 / Volume 37 - No. 3
^uest Editorial
PLEA FOR HELP
Last year, the war in East Pakistan made headlines |cross the world. The nine-month war . . . with its
million dead, 10 million refugees, 20 million dis- upted ... is now over. The new government of jiangladesh is trying to build from ashes.
I'm not a person who gets involved in causes easily, t'rankly, I usually avoid them. But the plight of this ■iral, farming country has hooked me.
Although the headlines aren't there anymore, the
ruggle for life in Bangladesh continues. The entire jDuntry is destroyed. Leaders were executed by the i'est Pakistan army. A UNESCO official has told me liat if the current national relief program beginning
the U.S. is successful, only 500,000 people will die
Bangladesh! Mostly children.
The Emergency Relief Fund, Inc. is trying to do )mething about the problem through a people-to- 3ople campaign. It is through accident that I became volved in the ERF, but it is through conviction that am part of the Airlift of Understanding.
Anything you can do will help . . . please send mds to Emergency Relief Fund, Inc., Box 1776, lashington, D. C. 20013.
Dayton Matlick, Editor of the Michigan Farmer
THE NEW "LOGO"
Please note tfie new identifying logo in the upper right hand corner of this page and on the cover. It was designed by "Cranberries" budding artist, the 10-year-old son of the pubhsher.
Office: R-55 Summer Street, Kingston, Massachusetts 02364, Post Office Box J. Telephone (617) 585-3604 All correspondence and advertising should be sent to Box J, Kingston.
advisors - correspondents
Nova Scotia I. V. HALL
Botanist, Research Stat ton Kentville, Nova Scotia
Massachusetts DR. CHESTER E. CROSS
Director, Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
IRVING DeMORANVILLE
Extension Cranberry Specialist Mass. Cranberry Experinnent Station
New Jersey PHILIP E. MARUCCI
Research Professor in Entonnology
Extension Specialist in Cranberries and Blueberries
Official Cooperative Weather Bureau Observer
Oregon
DAVID KEIR
County Extension Agent Coquiile, Oregon
Washington
AZMI Y. SHAWA
Assistant Horticulturist and
Extension Agent in Horticulture
Long Beach, Washington
Wisconsin
VERNON GOLDSWORTHY
Eagle River, Wisconsin
CRANBERRIES is pubhshed once a month by Pilgrim PubUshers at R-55 Summer Street (P.O. Box J) Kingston, Massachusetts. Second Class postage paid at Plymouth, Massachusetts Post Office.
Price is 50^ per copy, $5.00 a year in U.S., $6.00 in Canada; aU other countries $8.00 a year. Foreign remittances must equal U.S. funds.
Copyright 1972 by Pilgrim Publishers
legislator's tour
of Massachusetts agriculture
On May 1 1 the Massachusetts De- partment of Agriculture conducted their annual "Legislator's Tour" on which numerous Massachusetts leg- islators left the State House by bus at 1 P.M. During the afternoon the group made the following stops:
Phillips Tree Farm, Rte. 106, King- ston—forestry— pine-growing for the lumber industry . . . plus 17 acres of cranberry bogs.
Halifax Gardens, Inc., Rte. 36, Hal- ifax—wholesale flower-growing, fea- turing roses, carnations and potted plants.
White's Farm Dairy, Middle Rd., Acushnet— showing how some of the Commonwealth's $49 million of dairy products is produced.
Little Sunswick Farm, Horseneck Rd., So. Westport-a modern horse breeding farm . . . this owned by Bayard Tuckerman, Jr., legendary breeder of thoroughbreds.
Last year some 60 members of the General Court came o»t to see what was happening in agriculture in Massachusetts. Many were sur- prised . . . and pleased.
There are fewer farms and farm- ers in Massachusetts every year, but our agri-business keeps growing. An expanding population reduces our growing space even while it increases demand . . . and the results are higher yields per acre and per hour than ever before.
Agriculture is a 200-million-dol- lar business in the Bay State. As it grows, it modernizes. Vital crop re- search and training goes on at the College of Agriculture at Amherst, Waltham and Wareham. Some of the produce developed here have become the standards of the entire world. Seed royalties continue to help support our laboratories and
experiment stations.
I The program was sponsored by:( Massachusetts Flower Growers As4 sociation, Milk Promotion Services,' Inc., Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association, Inc., New England Vegl etable Growers Association, Bostoijl Flower Exchange, Inc., and Easternj States Exposition. I
Photos taken at Phillips Bog, Kingston by Bernard A. Marvin
'm.
Nathan Chandler GO, Mass. Commissioner of Agriculture discussing growing methods with Francis Phillips.
Dr. Robert Devlin, Francis Phillips
Nathan Chandler, Francis Phillips discussing problems with a group of legislators
Southeastern Massachusetts is the world's largest producer of cranber- ries, and it is also a major resort and recreation area. Each activity is heavily dependent upon the finite number of surface fresh-water sources available for the continued success of their respective industries, and both are concerned with the preservation of a clean and health- ful aquatic environment.
Recently, there has been growing concern over the quality of drainage waters from agricultural land into natural ponds and streams. In an ef- fort to answer these concerns with reproducible data, a study of 55 raw-water ponds and streams in Plymouth and Barnstable Counties was conducted to determine the specific effects of cranberry bog drainage on the water quahty of natural ponds, lakes and streams in the area.
Before the analytical results of this study are presented a few gen- eral considerations should be men- tioned. There are very few ponds left which have no nearby houses or housing developments, and it is
not known how many of the detec- table pollutants such as phosphates, nitrates or certain trace metals are attributable to the waste water dis- charges from housing cesspools, sep- tic tanks or leaching fields. We do not know what the natural back- ground level is for nitrates or phos- phates in the area. Other factors such as precipitation, temperature and the widespread natural occur- rence of bog iron could not be taken into consideration. If we present our data despite these uncertainties, it is only because the quantities now found are so small that variations of even 100% are no cause for concern.
Water samples were taken from 24 ponds and streams located in the drainage area of cranberry bogs. These samples were subjected to painstaking analyses and compared with similar analyses of samples from 31 ponds and streams con- taining no drainage from cranberry bogs. The resuhs are presented in Table 1.
These data show two important features. First of all, in corhparison with the criteria tentatively estab-
lished (by the U.S. Public Health Service) for surface water for public water supplies, the surface water in our area is currently of high quahty. Secondly, there appears to be no significant difference in quality in water with or without cranberry bog drainage.
For more detailed information, water samples from 14 different streams and ponds located in drain- age areas of cranberry bogs were analyzed in July, August and Sep- tember 1971. In most cases the samples were taken at distances ex- ceeding one-half mile from the drainage sites. Results are presented in Table 2.
Taking into consideration that precipitation, effluents from cess- pools and septic tanks, or direct discharges contribute to water pol- lution, the results presented here are very similar. This preliminary study indicates that cranberry production during recent decades has not changed the quality of the water bodies studied in this project.
|
Table 1 |
||||
|
Water qual |
ity of ponds and str |
earns located in |
Barnstable and |
Plymouth |
|
Counties. |
Comparison of water |
bodies receiving no bog drainage with 1 |
||
|
those rece |
iving bog drainage. |
For comparison |
surface water criteria 1 |
|
|
for public |
water supplies are |
given (first co |
umn). |
|
|
Permissible |
With |
Without |
||
|
Criteria |
Bog Drainage |
Bog Drainage |
In |
|
|
PH |
6.0 - 8.5 |
6.2 |
6.4 |
|
|
Conductanc |
B No limit est. |
97.0 |
125.0 |
mlcromhos |
|
Hardness^^ |
Narrative |
11.0 |
13.0 |
ppm |
|
Manganese |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
ppm |
|
Copper |
1.0 |
C 0.01 |
: 0.01 |
ppm |
|
Zinc |
5.0 |
< 0.01 |
0.01 |
ppm |
|
Cadralum |
0.01 |
< 0.01 |
< 0.01 |
ppm |
|
Nickel |
no limit est. |
<; 0.02 |
<0.02 |
ppm |
|
Magnesium |
no limit est. |
1.62 |
1.87 |
ppm |
|
Calcium |
no limit est. |
2.97 |
1.86 |
ppm |
|
Iron |
o.m |
0.37 |
0.05 |
ppm |
|
Phosphates |
Narrative |
0.05 |
^0.01 |
ppm |
|
Nitrate |
45.0 |
0.21 |
0.61 |
ppm |
|
Dicldrin |
0.017 ppm |
< 0.02 |
<0.02 |
PPb |
|
nOT |
0.042 ppm |
i 0.02 |
< 0.02 |
PPb |
|
1^ Calciu |
m and magnesiura |
I
|
Table 2 |
|||||
|
Water quail |
y data of ponds |
and streams |
ocated In drainage are |
as of |
|
|
cranberry bogs |
In Plymouth |
County. |
|||
|
Measured |
|||||
|
July |
August |
September |
in |
||
|
pH |
6.6 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
||
|
Conductance |
100.0 |
97.0 |
99.0 |
mlcromhos |
|
|
Hardness^) |
15.0 |
14.0 |
15.0 |
ppm |
|
|
Manganese |
X).05 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
ppm |
|
|
Copper |
< 0.01 |
0.02 |
<:o.oi |
ppm |
|
|
Zinc |
0.02 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
ppm |
|
|
Cadmium |
<:o.oi |
. O.Ol |
^0.01 |
ppm |
|
|
Nickel |
<,0.02 |
< 0.02 |
< 0.02 |
ppm |
|
|
Magnesium |
1.69 |
1.66 |
1.56 |
ppm |
|
|
Calcium |
3.50 |
2.90 |
3.40 |
ppm |
|
|
Iron |
0.55 |
0.43 |
0.34 |
ppm |
|
|
Phosphates |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
ppm |
|
|
Nitrate |
< 0.20 |
< 0.20 |
< 0.20 |
ppm |
|
|
Dleldrln |
0.07 |
< 0.01 |
< 0.01 |
Ppb |
|
|
DDT |
< 0.01 |
<0.01 |
0.01 |
ppb |
|
|
1) calcium |
and |
magnesium |
DON'T SIZZLE
SIT AND SWIZZLE A CRANBERRY DRINI-
Besides being the most versatile of drinks, cranberry juice cocktail is also one of the most refreshing.
Pictured here are a half dozen ways to use this delicious beverage to satisfy any taste any time of day. The Cranapple Shake, for instance, would make a great out-of-hand dessert for a summer meal. Or, try Cranberry Sorbet for a refreshing way to start the day.
So, mix around with cranberry juice cocktail this summer -this friendly drink will make a happy marriage with other fruits, soda, ice cream, tea, or alcoholic beverages if you prefer something stronger.
CRANBERRY MINT SWIZZLE
(Serves 6)
Lemonade cubes
1 quart (4 cups) Ocean Spray cranberry
juice cocktail, chilled 1 pint lemon-lime soda, chilled 6 peppermint sticks
Pour your favorite lemonade into ice cube trays and freeze until hard. Mix cranberry juice cocktail and lemon-lime soda. Pour into glasses. Add lemonade cubes. Use peppermint sticks as stirrers.
CRANBERRY SORBET
(Serves 6)
4 cups (1 quart) Ocean Spray cranberry
juice cocktail, chilled I cantaloupe, peeled, seeded and diced 1/2 cup sugar 16 ice cubes Cubes of honeydew, watermelon or
cantaloupe for kabob
Place half of each ingredient in a blender. Whirl at top speed until smooth. Pour into glasses and garnish each glass with a kabob of cantaloupe, honeydew or water- melon cubes. Repeat with remaining in- gredients. Serve with a spoon and short straws.
JO
LOW CALORIE CRANBERRY SPARKLE
(Serves 6)
Low calorie cranberry rocks 3 cups low calorie Ocean Spray cran- berry juice cocktail, chilled 2 cups low calorie lemon soda, chilled 1 cup low calorie cherry soda, chilled Lemon slices
To prepare cranberry rocks, pour low calorie cranberry juice cocktail into ice cube trays. Freeze until hard. Unmold and store in plastic bags until needed. Combine cranberry juice, lemon and cherry sodas. Pour into tall glasses. Add cranberry rocks aind lemon slices.
CRANAPPLE FROSTED
(Serves 6)
4 cups (1 quart) Ocean Spray cranberry- apple drink, chilled
1 cup pineapple juice, chilled
1 pint lime sherbet
Pineapple spear and sprig of fresh mint, optional
Combine all ingredients and beat until smooth. Pour into tall glasses and serve with a pineapple spear and a sprig of fresh mint, if desired.
CRANAPPLE SHAKE
(Serves 6)
4 cups (1 quart) Ocean Spray cranberry- apple drink, chilled 1 quart strawberry ice cream 1 pint club soda or ginger ale, chilled Whipped cream, whole strawberries, optional
Beat cranberry-apple drink and ice cream , together until smooth. Pour into sodaj glasses. Slowly add club soda. Garnish | with whipped cream and whole straw.- berries if desired.
^^^
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
By H. F. MCCOLLY, MUh. State Univ.
and J. w. MARTIN, Univ. of Idaho
553 pages, 6 X 9, 335 illus., $9.50
Explains the importance of engineering in agriculture and the jlationship of agricultural engineering to agricultural science, oth the fundamentals and the practical aspects of these topics re fully treated. The contents of this volume include Agricul- iral Mechanics . . . Farm Power . . . Fa?m Machinery . . . Process- ig Agricultural Products.. .Farm Structures and Conveniences , . Farm-buildings Investment and Economics . . . Soil- and /ater-conservation Engineering. . .Soil Erosion Control ... and lany other vital topics.
IRRIGATED SOILS, 2nd ED. Their Fertility and Management
By D. w. THORNE and h. b. Peterson
Both of Utah State Agr. College 392 pages, 78 illus., 64 tables, $9.50
[ere is an outstanding text which pioneered in presenting rigation in relation to other soil management practices. Since le publication of the first edition, research has shown that laximum yields from irrigation are dependent on the proper alance of such factors as fertility, plant population, plant tiaracteristics, and crop rotations. Just a sample of the contents i this guide includes the salt problem, measuring irrigation ater, maintaining organic matter, fertilizer elements, sources nd quality of irrigation water.
DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS
By HARRY WARREN ANDERSON
Formerly of Univ. of Illinois 501 pages, 6x9, $13.75
'or research workers, teachers, and practicing horticulturists, lis book provides detailed information on the diseases of jltivated fruit crops in the temperate zone, both in America id in foreign countries, with the exception of citrus and sub- opicai fruits. For each disease the history, geographic distri- Lition, symptoms, causal organism, hosts, morphology of the athogen, disease cycle, and control, and selected reference )urces are given. Diseases ar£ presented in the order of their riportance.
Agricultural Engineering Agronomy Horticulture Plant Pathology
WEED CONTROL, 3rd ED.
By ALDEN s. CRAFTS, Univ. of California
and WILFRED w. robbins, formerly of Univ. of California
671 pages, 6 x 9, 171 illus., $15.50
Based on a physiological approach, this text and mantial poses the problem of weeds in agricultural production, describes some of our most serious weed pests, introduces the principles of modern weed control, and tabulates present day chemical meth- ods. It classifies weed control methods on the basis of their mechanisms rather than upon the crops to be treated. This guide also includes recent innovations in chemicalized control and reviews current literature in the field. Contents include biological control of weeds, herbicides — selective and non-selective, tillage methods of weed control, special weed problems, and scores of other subjects.
SMALL FRUIT CULTURE, 3rd ED.
By JAMES s. SHOEMAKER, Univ. of Fla. 433 pages, 6 x 9, 64 illus., $10.50
Covers the culture of grapes, strawberries, bramble-fruits, cur- rants and gooseberries, blueberries, and cranberries. The author discusses culture problems for each region. Everything you need to know is included for each type of fruit: brief history, list and description of leading varieties, propagation methods, and all other cultural instructions. This comprehensive guide also gives you valuable instructions and suggestions for harvesting and handling your crop. Throughout, the author emphasizes the practical applications of digging, planting, spraying, and other field work.
NATURE AND PREVENTION OF PLANT DISEASES, 2nd ED.
By K. STARR CHESTER, Alton Box Board Co. 525 pages, 224 illus., $11.50
This useful guide presents a thorough study of plant diseases t)riented to the needs of agriculture. Extensive revisions of seed treatment and spraying and dusting of fruits and vegetables are included in this second edition. You'll also find complete cover* age of the latest developments in disease control practices, including the slurry, pelleting, and vapor-heat methods of seed treatment. You'll also review the latest advances in non-metallic organic fungicides, and innovations in methods of spraying and dusting.
PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2nd ED.
By JOHN c. WALKER, Univ. of H'is. 707 pages, 6 x 9, 194 illus., $13.50
Here is a basic introduction to the field of plant pathology written by an authority in the field. Its contents include a history of plant pathology, nonparasitic diseases . . . bacterial diseases . . . virus diseases . . . relation of environment to disease development . . . disease control through exclusion and eradication . . . diseases incited by phycomycetes, fungi imperfecti, asomycetes, basidio- mycetes, phanerogamic parasites, nematodes, plasmodiophorales . . . disease control through protection and through host resist- ance. Special coverage of causal organisms of fungus diseases is provided.
Order From
CRANBERRIES MAGAZINE
P.O. Box J, Kingston, Mass. 02364
11
JULY 19 4 7
Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers' Association meeting at Wisconsin Rapids June 1 7th, Pres- ident Henry Duckart appointed a committee to draw up a resolution to be presented to the State Con- servation Commission that the deer herd in Wisconsin should be made smaller by having a ''one-deer sea- son in that state. " Deer have be- come so large in numbers, discus- sion brought out, that a large number of persons including the cranberry growers, would like to see the deer population cut down.
Martin Kranick, son of Mr. and Mrs. L. M. Kranick, who has been employed with the U. S. Engineers on the Central Valley project at Antioch, California, has arrived home to resume construction of his cranberry bog south of Bandon. He has completed sanding his first acre which is now ready for planting.
A number of growers of Gray- land, Washington, have already left for a visit to Sweden. These in- clude Mr. and Mrs. Victor Lindgren, Mr. and Mrs. A. V. Anderson, Mr. and Mrs. Martin Hendrickson. Ac- cording to Mr. Anderson they hope to hold a cranberry meeting in Stockholm about July 4th. The Andersons and Hendricksons went the whole distance by plane. They plan to return via Massachusetts about the end of August.
Summer meeting of the Blue- berry Growers' Association of Massachusetts was scheduled to be held at Massachusetts University, Amherst, July 16th. Individual cars were used for the trip for these growers from Southeastern Massa- chusetts, the meeting place being the Rotary Circle at Middleboro.
The more than 1100 sprinkler heads at the Cranguyma Farm, near Long Beach, Washington, were recently turned on for the inspec- tion of the owner, Guy C. Myers. Dr. J. Harold Clarke expressed him- self as especially pleased when an undiminished effect was sustained after one of the two big diesels operating the pump at 5,27k) gal- lons per minute was turned off, the other proving equal to doing the job.
There seems to be a split of opinion among growers as to whether Wisconsin is to have an average crop or one which will be below average. Many of the marshes look exceedingly good, and barring frost damage later and proper climatic conditions, there should be a fairly good crop produced in 1947.
In commenting upon the increase in membership, Director Isaac Har- rison of New Jersey spoke of the swing to NCA in that state. He said over half of the members of the Growers ' Cranberry Company would not support the selling of cranberries to independent packers. He said it was the younger growers who were contributing most to this "movement to our organization. "
Blueberry Bud Mite has occurred in serious proportions over most of the blueberry growing regions of New Jersey. No satisfactory con- trol has been developed for this pest. Weather and predators ap- parently keep it under control some years, but do not do so at other times such as this season.
Sixteen GIs in Bandon, Port Orford and North Bend of Oregon are interested in the establishment of a veterans' agricultural training school in cranberries, according to Jack Hansell, assistant county ag- ricultural agent of Coos County.
"Cranberry Center" is opening at Long Beach, Washington, to feature cranberries. Ocean Spray sauces, marmalade and juices, cran- berry sundaes and cranberry milk- shakes. The new shop is located in the NCA building. Long Beach is a summer resort as well as a cranberry center, as is Onset and Wareham in Massachusetts where the Ocean Spray products store is located on Route 28.
New England Cranberry Sales Company has a new member on its staff who is acting as contact and field man in Massachusetts, chiefly in the Barnstable County area. He is Ralph Thatcher, located at Hy- annis. Previously experienced in cranberry work, and especially in flume-building, he more recently spent five years in the Army, four of them in the Pacific area.
B. M. Lawrence
351 California St.
Harmless explosions. Automatic 2week timer. Non-electric. Burns clean
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Warehouses —
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fjD
■1 NEWS
0IIE60N
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Kg's Ear Problem Remains
by David Keir County Extension Agent
Growers attending the field day leld late in May were able to see he vine shading problem that pig's jar or false lily-of-the-valley will ;ause. Where this weed establishes
good foothold in a bog it shades )ut vines and greatly reduces berry )roduction. But its worst feature is hat it is impossible to hand weed )r control with bog herbicides. As
result, pig's ear is developing into )ne of our worst weeds on the )ogs where it has become estab- ished.
There is little doubt that prompt ittention should be paid to con- rolling the spread of pig's ear when t has gotten a start in a bog. One vay to do this is to make sure the veed does not develop berries. If
s ear berries are allowed to nature, they can be spread to other >arts of the bog at harvest time. Another way to slow the spread of his weed is to keep the fohage lown in the spring. This measure lot only saps the strength of the mderground rhizomes but also gives ;ranberry vines a much better :hance to compete against the shad- ng out competition of the weed. Ii final note on pig's ear is that it laturally tends to yellow and die >ut by mid to late summer. How- ver, don't let this fool you into hinking that the die-out is perm- nent. Pig's ear always seems to ome back stronger than ever the lext year unless some attempts are nade to control its spread.
tee Inspector Here
Oregon state law in regard to 'ee colonies is such that anyone /ho owns or is in charge of active
hives within the state must register them with the Oregon Department of Agriculture. An application blank for this purpose is available from the County Extension Office in Coquille, and I would urge anyone who has not done so to register their bees as soon as possible. The minimum fee that must accompany an application for hive registration is one dollar, but this sum will also cover the registration of from one to six bee colonies. An additional fee of 15 cents per colony above a total of six is charged when more than this number are registered.
The major benefit arising from bee registration is that the State Department of Agriculture is then committed to inspect your hives at least once per year. This inspection can be vital to the health of each hive and to other bees in the area. Diseases such as foulbrood have the potential of wiping out large num- bers of bees, but an inspection wUl
greatly reduce the chances that a local disease epidemic can get started. Moreover, inspection will also give an indication of the health and strength of your bee colonies.
Ammonium Nitrogen Best for Cranberries
An interesting article in the March American Fruit Grower calls attention to recent research on ni- trogen use by cranberry vines. Four researchers working in Wisconsin studied nitrogen use by cranberry plants in order to determine whether the ammonium or the nitrate form of nitrogen is preferred. They found out this information by growing vines in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse and so developed some idea as to what types of nitrogen fertilizer are best for bogs.
Vines grown in solutions of the ammonium nitrogen grew much bet- ter than those grown in solutions of nitrate nitrogen. Plants treated with nitrate nitrogen were light green and grew about as fast as plants receiv- ing no nitrogen at all. In compari- son, plants grown with ammonium
Continued on Next Page
t
nitrogen had a dark green color and grew vigorously as long as the am- monium nitrogen was supplied in sufficient quantities to the nutrient solution.
The Wisconsin researchers con- cluded that the ammonium form of nitrogen is essential for cranberries and that the vines are not able to absorb nitrate nitrogen. Moreover, they could not find any trace of an enzyme commonly found in other plants which changes nitrate nitro- gen to ammonium nitrogen. So they also concluded that the cranberry plant could not use nitrate nitrogen even if it were absorbed. This char- acteristic of cranberries may help explain why the vines are native only to hi^y acid, wet soils since this soil condition greatly favors the presence of the ammonium form of nitrogen. Consequently, as the Wisconsin researchers suggest, cran- berry growers would do well to avoid use of the nitrate form of nitrogen in bog fertilizer programs and use the ammonium form or urea nitrogen instead.
(29 and 31 degrees), and some damage occurred on small proper- ties.
Total rainfall for 1972 (January through June) now stands at 25.91 inches, which is 5.35 inches more than normal. The wet, cool weather generated much trouble for blue- berry growers. Fungus disease in- fections have been acute on the early varieties and have caused con- siderable economic damage. Har- vesting by machinery has been hampered by the muddy fields, re- sulting in further losses.
At the end of June cranberry bogs drawn on the traditional May 10th date were about ten days to two weeks behind in their normal growth status for this period. Blos- soming had just started and the peak was not expected until after the 4th of July. It is now apparent that frost damage has been severe on several small properties where water was not available on May 26th and 27th.
NEW JERSEY
Unusually wet and cool weather prevailed throughout the month of June. There were seventeen rainy days with a total rainfall of 6'.48 inches, which is 2.76 above the normal.
The average temperature was 67.0° F, which is 3.8°below normal. It was the second coolest June in the forty-two year weather record- ing history at New Lisbon. The coolest June was in 1958 when the average was 66.8°. Maximum tem- peratures were below 80 on 17 days. Extremes in temperatures were 87 on the 16th and 37 on the 1 1th and 12th. Frosts were recorded on cran- berry bogs on the 11th and 12th
14
WASHINGTON
♦Oil I nmi**n-*'i**>*'H'
Field Day at the Coastal Wash- ington Research & Extension Unit June 24th brought about 175 grow- ers and their families. Research and Extension Faculty from Washington State University, Oregon State Uni- versity, and Agribusiness people and guests. The group included Oregon and British Columbia cranberry growers also.
The warming trend continued through May and June with the mean high for May 58.9° and June 61.5°. The high of 71° for June oc- curred on the 14th with a low of 39° on the 4th. The precipitation total of 1.47 inches brings the year total to 5 1 .63 inches. The greatest amount came on the 10th with .33 inches with 14 days of measurable
precipitation.
There will be a July issue of the Cranberry Vine, with the revised mailing list. Anyone neglecting to send the revision slip sent with the February issue will not receive further issues of this publication unless they notify the Coastal Wash- ington Research & Extension Unit, Long Beach, Washington 98631. Federal regulations require revision at least every two years.
♦4»*i'H'*****H-J*l'H"H-4'>*
NOVA SCOTIA
The mean temperature for June 1972 was 62.5° F which was consid- erably above the 50-year average of 59.6. Although we had a late spring, growth has now caught up to what we normally expect at this date. I looked at some of the bogs in the Aylesford area on July 12 and grow- ers are doing an excellent job in cutting and spraying weeds.
Recently we have revised our publication on lowbush blueberry production. We regret that a few copies were sent out before we de- tected an error. Figure 20 was in- tended to show a blueberry shoot infested with red-striped fireworm as shown in the -accompanying fig- ure. In a short time we will have the error corrected and bulletins will again be available.
Figure 20. Blueberry shoot infested wit red-striped fireworm.
Where Cranberries Grow
Visitors along Highway 101 in Oregon often notice bog-like areas surrounded by dikes. These bogs are for the growing of cranberries. The Fabulous Fifty Miles area and especially the Bandon area has more cranberries than any other place in Oregon and as such is nicknamed "the Cranberry Capital of Oregon."
PLYMOUTH COUNTY FARM BUREAU members are reminded that the date for their annual County meeting has been fixed. Monday, August 28, 1972 has been determined as the date for this session. Please mark the date on /our calendar. Details on time and place will be announced later.
Western Pickers
Sales, Parts and Repairs Authorized Agent
- ORDER NOW -
J. E. BRALEY & SON
MACHINE SHOP
78 Gibbs Ave. Wareham. Mass. HAVE YOUR REPAIRS DONE NOW
BAY COLONY HELICOPTERS
PLYMOUTH AIRPORT PLYMOUTH, MASS.
EXPERIENCED APPLICATORS
MODERN EQUIPMENT DESIGNED FOR BOG NEEDS
FOR INFORMATION CALL AL BARUFALDI 746-2216
15
massachusetts
FARM BUREAU FEDERATIUN
This is a special newsletter de- voted entirely to the status of our campaign to gain an affirmative vote on the farmland assessment refer- endum next November. We've had many requests for information and we'll call this one the SOS Special.
Massachusetts Citizens to Save Open Space has been formed, incor- porated and duly registered with the Secretary of State of the Com- monwealth, John F. X. Davoren. Joseph W. Lund, Chairman of the Board of the R. M. Bradley Com- pany has consented to act as chair- man.
This SOS Citizens Committee consists of legislators, businessmen, conservationists, farmers and con- cerned citizens who are looking at the total question of open land in Massachusetts. It is important to the public that farmland assessment be considered as a part of the total effort toward better land use to pro- tect our productive resources and
preserve open space. This heads off any negative connotation to the concept of land use assessment be- ing a special interest proposition.
Representing Farm. Bureau on this committee are: President David Mann, First Vice-President Walter Lewis and Howard Whelan. Warren Colby is executive director of this group which also includes Governor Francis Sargent as honorary chair- man and Senate Speaker Kevin B. Harrington as well as House Speaker David W. Bartley as honorary vice- chairmen. Senator John Barrus of Goshen and Agriculture Commis- sioner Nathan B. Chandler are in- cluded in this prestigeous group.
This committee has met several times and has now made its first public announcement. It has deter- mined that there are two referenda on the ballot in November which deserve its support; Question #1 (Farmland Assessment) and Ques- tion #5 (Environmental Bill of
cranberry growers !!
For just $2.50 per acre plus the price of material applied, I am available for the custom application of insecticides and fungicides through your sprinkler system. Compare these features:
1 . No extra charge for fungicide applications when com- bined.
2. No waiting for fog to lift-I can work all night if necessary.
3. Spray is released near the crop for the most effective results.
4. All billing done in September.
I am licensed by the Department of Public Health for this service.
CALL: BOB ALBERGHINI WAR EH AM, MASS. 295-9092
If no answer call Jack Morey's Cabinet Shop collect Plymouth 746-2734
Rights).
In its press release the SOS Com- mittee said it was taking positive action to guard against further shrinkage of open space land and that it felt that both Referenda #1 and #5 served this common purpose.
What does this mean? . . . simply that the people on the committee felt that by including #5 it could, in effect, widen the support to the passage of farmland assessment.
Farm Bureau people, conse- quently, are asked to work— and very hard- for passage of both refer- enda on the ballot. We feel sure you will find wider and more ready acceptance for the "Enviromnental Package."
What are we doing right now? A survey on consumer attitudes toward the concept of land use assessment is being made right now. Once we gain an insight on how urban people